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THE VETERINARIAN 

I. KORINEK, V. S 




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CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA 



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TUAfll'IM. 



THE VETERINARIAN 




DR. CHAS. J. KORINEK 

Graduate of Ontario Veterinary College of University of Toronto. 

Ex -State Veterinarian of Oregon. Ex -President 

Oregon State Veterinary Medical Board. 

Hon. Member Ontario Veterinary 

Medical Association 



FIRST EDITION 
Price $2.50 



PUBLISHED BY 

THE VETERINARIAN PUBLISHING CO. 

CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA 

1915 



s fiS\ 



Copyrighted 1915 
BY 

CHAS. J. KORINEK, V. S. 



British Copyrichts SKCUMtg 

ALL BIGHTS at tin El> 




CI.A416282 



Kiny l 1915 



FOREWORD 

THIS treatise on the diseases of domestic 
animals lias been written with the pri- 
mary purpose of placing in the hands of 
stock owners, a book of practical worth; hence, 
all technical language or terms, as used by the 
professional veterinarian, have been eliminated 
and only such language used as all may read and 
understand. 

The treatment suggested in each case is one I 
have used and found efficient in my many years 
of practice. 

If my readers will study and follow these di- 
rections carefully, they will save themselves 
much unnecessary loss. My confidence in 
this accomplishment is my reward for my labor 
in behalf of our dumb friends — the domestic 
animals. The Author 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Chapter I Diseases of the Horse • r 9 

Chapter II Diseases of Cattle .-'-.- 87 

Chapter III Diseases of Swine - - - - 161 

Chapter IV Diseases of Sheep and Goats - - 193 

Chapter V Diseases of Poultry - ■ - - 219 

Chapter VI Miscellaneous ----- 245 



ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

Points of Horse - 10 

Hackney Stallion - 22 

Clydesdale Stallion ------- 28 

Arabian Horses 34 

Belgian Stallion ------- 44 

Saddle Stallion -------- 56 

percheron stallions - 72 

Points of Dairy Cow -- 88 

Dairy Herd 98 

Galloway Bull -------- 108 

Jersey Cow 116 

Hereford Bull - 122 

Guernsey Cow -------- 128 

Shorthorn Bull - 136 

Ayrshire Cows 146 

holstein cow -------- 156 

Points of Hog 162 

Chester Whites 170 

Duroc Boar --- 174 

Poland China Boar - 180 

Berkshire Boar 188 

Points of Sheep -- 194 

Delaine Merino Ram and Ewes - - - - - 200 

Shropshire Eam - - 208 

Cotswold Ewes 214 

White Plymouth Rocks 220 

Buff Orpington Hen ------- 226 

Plymouth Pock Cock 230 

White Leghorn Hen 234 

Columbian Wyandotte Cock - - - 240 



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DISEASES OF THE 
HORSE 



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Causes, Symptoms and 
Treatments 



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I 



CHAPTER I 



ABORTION IN MARES 

Cause : Quality and quantity of food, poorly lighted, 
ventilated or drained stables, mare falling or slipping, 
sprains, kicks, hard, fast work or eating poisonous vege- 
tation. 

Symptoms: Mare will show signs of colic, the outer 
portion of the womb will be swollen, and if the colicky 
symptoms continue there will be a watery discharge 
and the membranes covering the foetus or foal will 
become noticeable. The animal strains when lying down 
or getting up. 

Treatment: Place the animal in comfortable quar- 
ters and blanket if chilly. When colicky pains are 
present treat the same as for spasmodic colic. To stop 
the straining and labor pains, give Tincture Opii one 
ounce, placing in gelatin capsule and give with capsule 
gun every two hours. One to two doses, however, are 
generally sufficient as the mare will either abort or the 
dangerous period will have passed. Keep the animal 
quiet and feed good nutritious food and pure water with 
chill taken off in small quantities but often. Disinfect 
the mare's quarters thoroughly. A good general tonic 
should be used in this condition, one that will strengthen 
and assist nature to throw off impurities from the blood, 
such as Sodium Hyposulphite, eight ounces; Potassi 
Iodide, one ounce. Make into eight powders and give 
one powder two or three times a day in drinking water. 



ABSCESS 
Cause : Bruises and injuries. Abscesses are also seen 
in complications with various diseases, perhaps the most 
common being distemper, laryngitis, etc. 



12 THE VETERINARIAN 

Symptoms : Symptoms will vary, of course, according 
to the development of the disease. It may not be noticed 
at first, but upon careful examination small tortuous 
lines will be observed running from the point of irrita- 
tion. In many cases a swelling is noticed which is hot, 
painful and throbbing- and enlarges rapidly. In two or 
three days the soreness and heat gradually subside, but 
the abscess continues to grow. The hair falls from the 
affected parts and in a short time the abscess discharges, 
and the cavity gradually fills up and heals by granula- 
tion. 

Treatment : In all cases hasten the repairing process 
as much as possible by applying hot water packs or hot 
bran, flaxseed or vegetable poultices. It is common with 
veterinarians to lance an abscess as soon as possible, but 
this requires skill and practice. I could not advise stock- 
owners to perform this operation, as it requires exact 
knowledge of anatomy. It will usually be found a safe 
plan to encourage the full ripening of an abscess and 
allow it to open of its own accord, as it will heal much 
better and quicker and you take no chances of infection 
with an instrument. When opened do not squeeze the 
abscess to any extent, but press gently with clean hands 
or cloth, to remove the clot, and after this simply keep 
open by washing the abscess with a three per cent Car- 
bolic Acid solution or Bichloride of Mercury, one part 
to one thousand parts of water. When an animal has 
abscesses it is well to give the following blood purifiers 
or internal antiseptics : Hyposulphite of Soda, eight 
ounces; Potassi Iodide, one ounce. Mix well and make 
into eight powders and give one powder twice daily in 
drinking water, or place in gelatin capsule and admin- 
ister with capsule gun. This prescription will prevent 
the absorption of impurities from the abscess into the 
blood. 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 13 

ANEMIA 

Cause: Insufficient quality and quantity of food, in- 
sanitary surroundings, overwork, lack of exercise, drains 
on the system from acute or chronic diseases, worms; 
and can also be brought about by excessive heat, cold or 
pressure and lessening of the calibre of the arteries, 
poisons in the blood, suppurating wounds, repeated 
purging or bleedings. 

Symptoms: The visible mucous membranes of the 
nose, eyes and mouth are pale and sometimes have a 
yellow appearance. There is weakness, temperature of 
the body is lower than normal; pulse weak, legs cold to 
the feet, cold sweats are often present, breathing is 
quickened, especially in its last stages, animals tire 
easily, appetite and digestion become poor, swelling of 
the legs and the under surface of the abdomen, sheath 
and udder; the skin becomes rough and dry. 

Treatment: Remove the cause if possible in its first 
stages, or when first noticed. Give a physic of Calomel, 
two scruples; Aloin, two drams; Pulv. Gentian, two 
drams ; Ginger, two drams. Place in gelatin capsule and 
give at one dose with capsule gun. Also, administer the 
following: Arsenious Acid, one dram; Ferri Sulphate, 
three ounces ; Pulv. Gentian, three ounces ; Pulv. Fenu- 
greek Seed, three ounces, and Pulv. Anise Seed, three 
ounces. Mix well and make into twenty powders. Give 
one powder three times a day in feed, or place in gelatin 
capsule and give with capsule gun. Endeavor to build 
up the condition of the animal by the proper quantity 
and quality of food. Give pure water to drink, also pro- 
vide sanitary conditions, as pure air, sunlight if possible. 
Turn out to grass when the weather is favorable. This 
treatment should be continued until the animal shows 
sign of improvement. However, the administration of 
physics should bo given with great care so as not to pro- 
duce superpurgation of the bowels (scours), as physics 
in this condition would tend to w r eaken the animal. 



14 THE VETERINARIAN 

It is to be borne in mind that pure water and nour- 
ishing 1 food play a very important part in the treatment 
of Anemia. 



APHTHAE 

(Sore mouth and tongue — Pustular Stomatitis) 

Cause: Superficial eruptions of the mucous mem- 
branes of the mouth and tongue. Frequently seen dur- 
ing convalescence of intermittent fever. This condition 
may also follow diseases of the digestive system, as In- 
digestion, etc., due to the blood absorbing toxic materials 
which break out in the form of pustules about the mouth 
and the whole alimentary canal (stomach and intes- 
tines). 

Symptoms: The appetite is impaired, the mouth hot, 
the pulse not much affected as a rule, the temperature is 
slightly elevated, the animal is unable to masticate, and 
small vesicles appear and eventually terminate into pus- 
tules and burst and discharge a small amount of pus at 
the parts where the sores are the deepest. 

Treatment: Remove the cause if possible. Feed 
clean, soft food that is easily digested, as hot wheat bran 
mashes and steamed rolled oats, vegetables, etc. For a 
mouth-wash dissolve the following: One dram of Cop- 
per Sulphate, one dram of Chlorate of Potash, one dram 
of Boracic Acid in clean hot water, and syringe out the 
mouth two or three times a day. To the drinking water 
add one ounce of Hyposulphite of Soda twice a day. 
Where the appetite is impaired, administer the follow- 
ing: Pulv. Nux Vomica, Pulv. Gentian Root, Pulv. Iron, 
Pulv. Nitrate of Potash each two ounces. Mix and make 
into sixteen capsules and give one capsule three times a 
day with capsule gun. 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 15 

AZOTURIA 

Cause: This disease is usually due to work after a 
period of idleness, during which the animal has been 
liberally fed. It is found principally among highly-fed 
draft horses, and never in animals which are regularly 
worked. Light breeds of horses are also susceptible to 
this disease. 

Symptoms: Attack is sudden and usually appears 
when the horse has traveled a short distance after hav- 
ing been stabled for a few days. The characteristic 
symptoms of this disease in an animal are : Excitability 
without apparent cause ; actions seem to indicate injury 
of the hind quarters or loins. Animal has a peculiar 
goose-rumped look, owing to the muscles over the 
quarters being violently contracted, and are hard on 
pressure. One hind limb is generally advanced in front 
of the other, and on attempting to put weight on it, the 
hind quarters will drop until at times the hocks almost 
touch the ground. Sometimes a front leg is affected. 
The breathing is hurried. Animal is bathed in sweat, 
and is in such agony that it will seize almost anything 
with its teeth. Although the pulse is hard and frequent, 
the internal temperature, even in severe cases, seldom 
rises to any marked extent. The urine is dark-red to 
dirty-brown color. Owing to the stoppage of the worm- 
like movement of the bowels, there is generally constipa- 
tion and retention of the urine. Sometimes the symp- 
toms are milder than here described. In other cases 
the animal soon falls to the ground and continues to 
struggle in a delirious, half-paralyzed state until he dies. 
Sometimes this disease is mistaken for colic or acute 
indigestion, but it can be readily distinguished by the 
color of the urine. 

Treatment : At the first symptom, stop and blanket 
the animal and let stand from one to three hours. Then 
move to the nearest shelter, keeping the animal as quiet 
and comfortable as possible, as excitement aggravates 



16 THE VETERINARIAN 

the disease. Give Aloin, two drams ; Ginger, two drams, 
in capsule, and administer with capsule gun. Also, give 
the following prescription: Potassi Nitrate, eight 
ounces ; Sodii Bicarbonate, eight ounces ; Potassi Iodide, 
one and one-half ounces. Mix well and make into thirty- 
two powders. Give one powder in drinking water every 
four hours, or in capsule, and give with capsule gun. 
Injections of soap and warm water per rectum are bene- 
ficial. Immerse a blanket in hot water and place over 
loins, then covering with a dry blanket, or, if this is 
impossible, apply the following liniment: Aqua Am- 
monia Fort., two ounces; Turpentine, two ounces; Sweet 
Oil, four ounces, and rub in like a shampoo over the 
loins. It may be necessary to draw off the urine, which 
is sometimes retained, and it is best to secure the services 
of a skilled veterinarian if such is the case. Allow the 
animal to drink often, though in small quantities, of pure 
water with the chill taken off. If he is unable to stand 
on his feet it is well, to turn him from side to side every 
six hours. It is also advisable to fill bags with hay and 
place against his shoulders to prevent him from lying 
flat on his side, as this may cause congestion of the lungs. 
Avoid drenching — it is dangerous. Should the animal 
show signs of uneasiness, give one ounce of Potassi 
Bromide in the drinking water every four hours until the 
excitement has subsided. 



BARRENNESS 
(Failure to Breed) 

Cause : Contraction of the neck of the womb, growths 
on or in the ovaries, "Whites or Leucorrhea. The first is 
the only form of barrenness which responds readily to 
treatment. 

Symptoms: A mare may come in heat normally, or 
stay in heat continually, or not come in heat at all. 

Treatment: Wash the hands in some antiseptic 
solution, such as Carbolic Acid or Bichloride of Mer- 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 17 

cury, and see that the finger-nails are smooth. Grease 
the hand and arm with vaseline and proceed to dilate 
the neck of the womb. It may be difficult at first to in- 
sert the finger, but the opening will gradually enlarge. 
Work slowly and carefully until three fingers may be 
inserted. Breeding should follow about three hours 
after the womb has been dilated. 



BLEEDING AFTER CASTRATION 

If bleeding is from the little artery in the back portion 
of cord, it will generally stop of its own accord, but if 
it should continue to bleed for thirty minutes, ( throw 
clean, cold water against the part. 

When bleeding is from the large artery in front of 
the cord, it is considered dangerous. The artery should 
be tied with a silk thread if possible, or twisted with a 
pair of forceps. Occasionally the artery cannot be 
found, in which case the hole in the scrotum should be 
plugged with a clean cloth saturated with Tincture of 
Iron, which will clot the blood and thus close the artery. 



BLOOD POISONING 

(Septicaemia or Pyemia) 

Cause: By the popular term, " Blood Poison," is 
meant a state of constitutional disturbance brought on 
by the entrance of putrid products — usually from a 
wound — into the blood. As a rule some pressure or 
inoculation is necessary for the introduction of poison 
into the circulation; hence, the necessity of free drain- 
age and thorough disinfection of the wound, and the only 
hopeful cases are those in which by this means the 
supply of poison may be cut short. 

Symptoms: It is introduced through any wound or 
abrasion, whether due to injury, disease or by an oper- 
ation. Signs of septic poison are heat, pain and 
swelling. 

Tkeatment: It is necessary to see that the wound 



18 THE VETERINARIAN 

has good drainage, and wash with Carbolic Acid, one 
tablespoonfnl to one pint of distilled water or Bichlo- 
ride of Mercury perhaps is the best in an infected wound. 
Apply one part to one thousand parts water. Also, give 
internally, Potassi Iodide, one ounce; Sodii Hyposul- 
phite, eight ounces. Make into eight powders and give 
one powder two or three times a day in their drinking 
water or in capsule, and give with capsule gun. This is 
an intestinal antiseptic which is very valuable in the 
treatment of Blood Poisoning. Feed soft, laxative food 
and green grass, if possible. 



BONE SPAVIN 

Cause: Sprains of the hock from falling, slipping, 
jumping, pulling, traveling on uneven roads, falling 
through bridges, etc. 

Since Spavin is due to causes which come into exist- 
ence after birth, it cannot be regarded as an hereditary 
disease. Hereditary predisposition, however, is largely 
accountable for its appearance. In the first place, the 
process of evolution in the horse, which is a single-toed 
animal, descended from a five-toed ancestor, predisposes 
him to suffer from union of the bones of the hock, just 
as it predisposes him to splints. The weaker the bones 
of the hock in comparison to the weight of the body the 
more inclined will the animal naturally be to contract 
Spavin. 

Symptoms: Spasmodic catching up of the spavined 
limb, the moment the heel of the foot touches the ground, 
something after the manner of string-halt. At times the 
stiffness can be observed only when the animal is pushed 
from one side of the stall to the other. Spavin may 
often be detected when riding a horse down a steep hill 
from the fact that he drags the toe. 

The time of all others when a spavined horse will be 
apt to show his lameness will be the day following a 
hard day's work, and when he makes his first move from 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 19 

the stable in the morning is the proper moment for ex- 
amination. Therefore, you should be prepared to form 
judgment quickly in these cases, for the longer the 
animal is trotted up and down the less lame will he 
generally become. 

"We may have a visible sign of Spavin, swelling and 
hardness of the part, without lameness. If there be heat 
and tenderness on pressure, lameness will almost always 
be present. A careful comparison should be made of 
the hocks. 

Treatment : An important factor in treating Spavin 
is keeping the animal quiet. This can be accomplished 
by placing the animal in a very narrow stall, carrying 
his feed and drinking water for a month or six weeks, 
and apply the following ointment: Red Iodide of Mer- 
cury, two, drams; Pulverized Cantharides, three drams; 
Turpentine, thirty minims; Pine Tar, two drams; lard, 
two ounces. Mix well and rub in well for twenty minutes 
every forty-eight hours until three applications have 
been applied. Repeat this treatment again in two weeks, 
and grease well with lard. 

To cure a bone spavin it is necessary to unite two or 
more bones of the hock, and a fractured bone cannot 
unite if moved frequently. The same thing exists in 
bone spavin as in a fractured bone, only we have no 
ragged edges like that of a fractured bone to unite; 
therefore, keep the animal quiet. The younger the 
animal the easier the spavin is to treat, because the bones 
hardened with age contain more mineral matter and less 
flexible animal matter. While treating the animal, feed 
food that is easily digested. 



BOG SPAVIN 

Cause : Faulty conformation, slipping, falling through 
a bridge or culvert ; large loosely built draft horses are 
prone to this blemish. Bog Spavin is hereditary, and 
you should, therefore, select a good type of animal for 
breeding purposes. 



20 THE VETERINARIAN 

Symptoms : A puffy swelling located in front and on 
the inside of the hock, varying from the size of a walnut 
to that of a man's fist. It very seldom causes lameness, 
but is a serious disfigurement and blemish. 

Treatment: Treatment is not satisfactory unless 
taken in its first stages and when the animal is young. 
If there is heat, pain and swelling, apply cold water or 
ice packs until the inflammation has left the parts. Then 
use the following prescription : Tincture of Iodine, two 
ounces ; Gum Camphor, two ounces ; Gasolene, one pint. 
Mix and shake well before applying with a nail or tooth 
brush twice a week. 

I may add that I have derived some wonderful results 
in treatment of Bog Spavin with the above mentioned 
prescription in both young and old animals, and per- 
haps it will be well to use it on both young and old 
animals in both acute and chronic forms of Bog Spavin. 



BOTS 

(Gastrophilis) 
Effect of Bots on the Health of Horses 

Although the presence of bots inside of a horse can be 
of no possible advantage to him, their presence, when 
in small numbers, as a rule produce very little or no ill 
effect in the horse, but if their number be large they 
cannot help being a source of debility and irritation. In 
practically all cases they produce indigestion, especially 
among young horses, also loss of condition, colic and 
even death. 

Cause: By the bot flies, which lay their eggs during 
the autumn on the skin and hair of the horses. These 
eggs on becoming hatched (in from 20 to 25 days) pro- 
duce small worms which irritate the skin by their move- 
ments and thus cause the horse to lick them off and to 
take them into his mouth, with the result that they gain 
access to various parts of the intestinal canal. The bot 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 21 

having selected its place of residence, attaches itself to 
the membranes lining the stomach and intestines, and 
derives its sustenance during its stay from the wound 
made by its hooks. In the summer the larva, after 
living inside the horse for about ten months, quits its 
hold and is expelled with the feces. Having concealed 
itself near the surface of the ground it becomes changed 
into a chrysalis from which the gadfly issues after an 
inactive existence of from thirty to forty days. The 
female fly becomes impregnated, lays her eggs on those 
parts of the horse from which they can be most easily 
licked off, and thus completes her cycle of existence. 
. Symptoms : Membranes about the eyes and mouth are 
very pale, as though the animal had lost a large quantity 
of blood; they will also be subject to colicky attacks, hair 
faded, dull, rough appearance, appetite poor and mani- 
fests a pot belly. 

Prevention : The best means of prevention are spray- 
ing your horses with the following fly repellant: Crude 
Carbolic Acid, 10%; Oil of Tar, 25%; Crude Oil, 65%. 
Mix thoroughly. This prevents the gadfly from depos- 
iting her eggs on the animals. 

Treatment : Withhold all food for twenty-four hours, 
then administer Oil of Turpentine, one ounce; place in 
a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. Follow 
this in six hours with a physic consisting of Aloin, two 
drams ; Ginger, two drams. Place in a gelatin capsule 
and give with capsule gun. Repeat the above treatment 
in a week or ten days to insure the expulsion of Bots 
that might have escaped the first treatment. 



BRONCHITIS 

Cause: It may be the result of debility, constitu- 
tional diseases, inhalation of impure air, smoke, or 
gases. Sometimes brought on by drenching by the 
escape of liquid into the windpipe; remember, a horse 
cannot breathe through his mouth. It may also be 



22 



THE VETERINARIAN 



caused by sudden chill, foreign bodies in windpipe, micro 
organisms, or it may be associated with influenza, glan- 
ders, lung fever, etc. 

Symptoms: Sore throat, loss of appetite, thirst, ani- 
mal appears dull, membranes of the mouth, eyes and 
nose are reddened; urine is scanty and highly colored; 
cough drv and husky. After two or three days the 




Hackney Stallion Bagtiiorp Sultan, First International Show. 
Owned by Henry Fairfax of Virginia. 

cough becomes looser and a frothy, sticky mucus of a 
yellowish color is present. This gradually becomes pus- 
like, after which the animal seems somewhat relieved. 
In the first stages the pulse is soft and weak, but fre- 
quently the temperature is high, ranging from 105° F. 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 23 

to 106° F. ; the breathing is quick and more or less 
difficult. 

Treatment : Place the horse in a clean, comfortable, 
well ventilated stall, exclude drafts, blanket if the 
weather is chilly. Also, hand rub the legs and bandage 
them. Inhalations from steam of hot water and Turpen- 
tine are beneficial. Also administer Chlorate of Potassi, 
two ounces ; Nitrate of Potash, two ounces ; Tannic Acid, 
one ounce. Mix this with a pint of black-strap molasses 
and give about one tablespoonful well back on the tongue 
with a wooden paddle every six hours. In severe at- 
tacks of Bronchitis it is well to apply a liniment consist- 
ing of Turpentine, Aqua-Ammonia Fort., and raw Lin- 
seed Oil, each four ounces; mix well and apply to the 
throat and down the windpipe once or twice a day. The 
animal should be fed on soft food, such as hot bran 
mashes, grass, carrots, kale, apples or steamed rolled 
oats. After the acute symptoms of the disease disap- 
pear, give Pulverized Gentian Root, one ounce; Nux 
Vomica, two ounces; Nitrate of Potash, three ounces; 
Pulverized Fenugreek Seed, six ounces. Mix and give 
one tablespoonful three times a day in the feed or in a 
gelatin capsule and administer with a capsule gun. 



CAPPED KNEE 

Cause : Bruises from pawing or striking objects with 
the knee, falling on the ground, etc., are perhaps the 
most common causes. 

Symptoms : It may be a simple bruise, or it may be 
a severe wound. There is always swelling, heat and 
pain present. The ."joint becomes stiff and interferes 
with the movement of the leg. Under careful treatment 
the swelling and enlargement disappear. 

Treatment: Relieve the inflammation and clean the 
wound by fomenting with hot water, to which add a few 
drops of Carbolic Acid. If the wound is very large, trim 
off the ragged edges with a pair of scissors and apply 



24 THE VETERINARIAN 

the following : Boracic Acid, two ounces ; Iodoform, one 
ounce ; Tannic Acid, one ounce. Powder finely, mix and 
apply two or three times a day. If the skin is not 
broken, apply cold water or ice packs until the inflam- 
mation has subsided; then use the following: Tincture 
of Iodine, one ounce; Camphor, two ounces, and Gaso- 
lene, eight ounces. Apply with nail or toothbrush every 
thirty-six hours until the enlargement has disappeared. 



CAPPED HOCK 

Cause: Some horses have the habit of rubbing or 
striking their hocks against the partition of their stalls. 
May also be produced by kicks from other horses, or 
hocks may be bruised by the singletree. 

Symptoms : An enlargement at the point of the hock, 
which may run up along the tendons and muscles of the 
leg. Repeated injuries cause the hock to enlarge and 
become flabby, and in some cases it contains a bloody 
serum or pus. 

Tkeatment : Do not attempt to lance the puffy swell- 
ing on the point of the hock, as you may produce an open 
joint, which is very difficult to treat, and chances are 
that you would lose the animal. 

The treatment that I would recommend is to find out 
the true cause and remove it. When the puffy swelling 
is swollen, hot and painful, apply cold water or ice packs. 
When the heat and pain have subsided apply the follow- 
ing: Tincture of Iodine, two ounces; Gum Camphor, 
two ounces, dissolved in one pint of Gasolene. Shake 
the contents of the bottle before using each time and 
apply with a nail or toothbrush every forty-eight hours. 
This is very penetrating and will remove the enlargement 
or absorb fluids that might have accumulated from the 
result of the bruise. 



DISEASES OF THE HOESE 25 

CHOKING 

This term applies to obstruction of the gullet as well 
as that of the windpipe. 

Cause : Too rapid eating, by which pieces of carrots 
or other roots, or a quantity of dry food become lodged 
in the gullet. Although obstructions of the windpipe 
caused while drenching, or food entering the lungs, will 
kill an animal in a very short time, obstructions in the 
gullet may not prove fatal for several days. 

Treatment: No time should be lost in attempting 
to remove the obstruction from the gullet. It may be 
dislodged by gently manipulating the gullet. If unsuc- 
cessful in dislodging the obstruction in this manner, 
secure the services of a competent veterinarian. He 
will use a probang, an instrument made for this pur- 
pose, or inject Sweet or Olive Oil into the gullet with 
a hypodermic syringe, or give hypodermic injections of 
Arecoline. In administering drenches with the object 
of dislodging obstructions in the gullet, you must re- 
member that the liquids used are apt to go the wrong 
way, that is to say, enter the lungs, and give rise to lung 
complications, as lung fever, bronchitis, etc. Obstruc- 
tions of solid substance in the windpipe generally cause 
death very shortly. When liquids enter the lungs, death 
is not so apt to occur, as the animal may live several 
days, and sometimes even get well. They should be 
treated the same as for lung fever. 



CRACKED HEELS 

Cause: There is little doubt in my mind that am- 
monia, which is so plentifully found in ill-kept stables, 
is the chief cause of cracked heels. The action of am- 
monia on the skin renders it soft and pulpy, and dimin- 
ishes its strength by separating the layers of which it 
is composed. 

Symptoms : "When inflammation is set up in the part, 
the secretion of natural oil is interfered with and cracks 



26 THE VETERINAEIAN 

usually occur in the place where the skin becomes 
wrinkled when the pastern joint is bent. The discharge 
from cracked heels has an offensive smell. In early 
stages there is extreme heat and swelling, there is pain 
and lameness, w T hich usually disappear as the case 
becomes chronic. 

Treatment: Keep the affected parts clean as pos- 
sible, if there is extreme inflammation present. Apply 
hot poultice made from bran or flaxseed meal. When 
the inflammation subsides, apply Zinc Ointment twice 
daily. Before applying each application of ointment, 
wash with Warm Water and Castile Soap. Feed carrots, 
green grass, if possible, also hot bran mashes or steam 
rolled oats each morning. Sometimes it is well to give 
a physic, and I would recommend Aloin, one and one-half 
drams; Ginger, two drams. A physic has very good 
effect in reducing the swelling of the legs. 



COFFIN-JOINT LAMENESS 

(Navicular Disease) 

Cause: Driving young animals on hard roads. Al- 
ways found in the front feet, owing no doubt to the fact 
the front feet support largely the weight of the body. 

Symptoms: The symptoms are very hard to detect. 
As a rule the animal will point the affected foot when 
at rest even before there is any lameness present. While 
at work he apparently goes sound, but when placed in 
the stable, or when stopped on hard ground, one foot 
will be set out in front of the other and resting on the 
toe. It will be noticed that the animal takes a few lame 
steps and then goes well again. Again he may be lame 
for a day, or he may leave the stable in the morning 
apparently well and sound and go lame during the day. 
In the course of time he will develop a severe case of 
lameness, which may last for five or six days. These 
spells are intermittent and finally he becomes perma- 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 27 

nently lame, and the more he is driven the greater the 
lameness, and he steps short, wears the toe of the shoe, 
stumbles, falls on his knees when the road is rough. 
Sometimes both front feet are affected and the shoulders 
will be stiff. When put to work he sweats from pain; 
there will be extreme heat about the foot, and he will 
flinch from pressure. 

Comparatively few recoveries are made from this dis- 
ease. 

Treatment: First remove the shoe. If the foot is 
inflamed, poultice with hot bran or flaxseed meal. 
After the inflammation disappears, clean the foot well, 
clip the hair from around the top of the hoof and use 
the following : Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams ; Pul- 
verized Cantharides, four drams; Turpentine, thirty 
drops; Lard, two ounces. Mix well and apply every 
forty-eight hours, rubbing in well for twenty minutes 
each time. After three or four applications have been 
applied, turn the animal out to pasture. Repeat this 
treatment again in a month or so. Animals affected 
with this disease should be put to slow and easy work 
on soft ground, and carefully shod. This disease is un- 
satisfactorily treated and only a few cases recover when 
the best care is taken. 



CORNS 

Cause: Dry feet, increased pressure from ill fitting 
shoes, or high heeled shoes, which tend to contract the 
heels and produce corns. Wide flat feet are predisposed 
to bruises wh;ch terminate in corns. 

Symptoms: Lameness, or as the old saying goes, 
1 ' The animal will go tenderf ooted. ' ' When standing the 
animal is generally very restless, they paw their bedding 
behind them at night. Tapping or pressure on the foot 
will assist in locating a corn. 

Treatment : Discover the true cause of the corn and 



28 



THE VETERINARIAN 



remove it if possible. Take away all pressure from over 
the corn and turn the animal out in some damp pasture. 
If this cannot be done, put on a ilat "bar" shoo, packing 
the sole of the foot with Pine Tar and Oakum; then place 
a Leather between the foot and shoe. Repeat this appli- 




Clydesdale Stallion Sir Eyerard (.3353). 

Sire of Famous Baron's Pride (0122), who earned $300,000.00 in the Stud, 

who Sired Baron OTJuchlyvie, who waa sold for $45,000.00, the 

Highest Price ever paid tor u Draft Stallion. 



cation every two weeks, as this will keep the sole soft 
and flexible, and with proper shoeing your animal will 
be relieved of corns. 

Frequently coffin- joint lameness or navicular disease 
is mistaken for corns. 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 29 

CONSTIPATION 

Cause : Indigestible foods, irregular feeding, lack of, 
or too much, exercise, insufficient secretion of digestive 
materials, strictures, ruptures, paralysis, worms, folding 
and twisting of the intestines, which frequently occurs 
in old age. 

Symptoms: The animal cannot expel the contents of 
the intestines, which frequently causes colicky pains. 
Death from this form of constipation is generally due 
to rupture of the intestines, when due to indigestible 
foods or irregular feeding. Lack of, or too much, exer- 
cise seldom produces death, although the animal may not 
pass any fecal matter for a week. 

Treatment: Give a capsule containing Aloin, two 
drams, and Pulverized Ginger, two drams, every eighteen 
hours until the animal has a movement of the bowels. 
Then give the following tonic : Pulverized Nux Vomica, 
two ounces; Pulverized Gentian Root, two ounces; Pul- 
verized Fenugreek Seed, four ounces. Mix well and give 
one tablespoonful in feed three times a day. If the 
animal refuses to eat it in the feed, place one tablespoon- 
ful in gelatin capsule and administer with capsule gun. 
This will stimulate the worm-like movement of the bowels 
and strengthen the heart action. 

Give the animal all the water it will drink. If the 
water is cold, take the chill off by warming or adding 
warm water. If the animal will eat, feed food that is 
easily digested, such as grass, carrots, turnips, potatoes 
and apples, but do not feed too large a quantity at one 
time. Hot bran mashes or steamed rolled oats are very 
nourishing and easily digested. Rectal injections of 
Soap and Turpentine in small quantities, added to warm 
water, are very beneficial, and I would recommend their 
use. It is advisable to elevate the animal's hind parts 
when giving rectal injections, as compelling the animal 
to stand with its head lower than its hind parts will 
cause the animal to retain the injection much longer, 
consequently it does its intended work much better. 



30 THE VETERINARIAN 

If due to worms, fast the animal for twenty-four hours 
and give Barbadoes Aloes, three drams; Calomel, one 
dram ; Ferri Sulphate, two drams ; Antimony Tartrate, 
two drams. Place in gelatin capsule and give with cap- 
sule gun. This dose should be repeated in ten days to 
insure the expulsion of newly hatched worms. 



COLD 

(Nasal Catarrh) 

Cause: Atmospheric changes common in the spring 
and fall ; animal allowed to chill when standing in a draft, 
or driven when the system is in a poor condition. It is 
also produced by inhaling irritating gases, smoke, 
drenching through the nose, dusty hay or grain that 
contains infectious matter. 

Symptoms : Animal is stupid, does not take food very 
freely, hair stands and looks dusty, throat becomes sore, 
pulse is not greatly affected. There may be a slight rise 
of temperature, say 101° F. to 103° F. After a day or 
two there will be a discharge of mucus from the nostrils 
which may be offensive to the smell. There is generally 
an increased flow of urine. The breathing is not much 
affected. 

Treatment: Make the animal as comfortable as pos- 
sible by placing in a clean stall with pure air, but avoid 
drafts. Blanket if the weather is chilly and give the fol- 
lowing prescription: Chloride of Potash, two ounces; 
Nitrate of Potash, four ounces. Mix these well in a pint 
of Pine Tar and place about one tablespoonful of the 
mixture as far back on the tongue as possible every six 
hours. Relief is very certain if this treatment is given 
in the first stages. If not it will become chronic and ter- 
minate into nasal gleet, or lung complications. 



COUGH 

(Acute and Chronic) 
As a cough is a symptom of various diseases, these in 
addition to the cough should be treated. 



DISEASES OP THE HORSE 31 

Kinds of Cough : Many writers give several dif- 
ferent varieties, but for sake of convenience I will divide 
them into two forms, namely: Acute and Chronic. 

Cause: Acute Coughs are generally due to sudden 
exposure to cold, drafts and are the forerunning symptom 
of a disease of the organs of breathing. 

Chronic, Coughs are associated with, and often a result 
of, sore throat, lung fever, pleurisy, bronchitis, broken 
wind, influenza, nasal gleet, catarrh, glanders, heaves and 
distemper. 

Treatment: Under each disease of which a cough is 
a symptom, I have also prescribed to include its sup- 
pression. The following prescription is reasonable in 
price, yet very effective in all forms of cough: Tannic 
Acid, one ounce; Potassi Chlorate, four ounces; Potassi 
Nitrate, four ounces. Powder well and mix with Black 
Strap Molasses, one pint; placing container retaining 
the above in hot water assists in dissolving. When this 
is thoroughly mixed add Pine Tar one pint, and place 
one tablespoonful well back on the tongue with a wooden 
paddle every three or four hours, according to the 
severity of the cough. 

Sometimes a liniment applied to the throat and wind- 
pipe has a good effect, and I would recommend the fol- 
lowing on account of its penetrating qualities : Aqua 
Ammonia Fort., two ounces ; Turpentine, two ounces ; 
Raw Linseed Oil, four ounces. Mix and apply twice 
daily, shaking the contents of the bottle well before 
using. 



COLT CONSTIPATION 

Cause: Improper digestion of its mother's milk, es- 
pecially when overheated or not allowed to nurse enough. 

Symptoms : The colt appears stupid ; does not care to 
move about, but lies flat on either side and shows signs 
of great pain. 



32 THE VETERINARIAN 

Treatment: Give two tablespoonfuls of Cascara Sa- 
grada. Great care must be exercised in administering the 
medicine to place it well back on the tongue ; do not hold 
the nose high or some of the liquid may enter the lungs ; 
it is much better to waste some of the medicine. One 
of the most important factors in the treatment of Colt 
Constipation is rectal injections; they relieve tempera- 
ture, gases, and pain, promoting the worm-like action 
of the bowels and liquefying their contents. 



COLT DIARRHCEA 

Cause: Specific infection, the action of which is fa- 
vored by insanitary conditions, irregular feeding, or per- 
mitting the colt to nurse when the mother is overheated 
or out of condition. 

Symptoms: Frequent watery discharges, sometimes 
tinged with blood, and as the disease progresses the colt 
shows signs of great pain. If not treated promptly, the 
disease will terminate fatally in the course of six or 
ten days. 

Treatment: Determine the exact cause, if possible, 
and remove it. If the colt has not been weaned, atten- 
tion should at once be given the mare, and if anything 
is wrong with her, it may be best to take the little 
patient away from its mother and feed it on cow's milk 
sweetened with sugar. Give two tablespoonfuls of Cas- 
tor Oil on the tongue; this will remove the irritant within 
the bowels. The following prescription is a very reli- 
able remedy: Protan, three ounces; Pulv. Ginger, four 
drams; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, four grains. Mix and 
make into twelve powders; give one powder on the 
tongue every four hours, effecting a cure within a few 
days. Do not pull the tongue, or hold the head too high. 
Permit the animal to swallow slowly. Remember that 
sanitary surroundings are essential in the treatment of 
all diseases. 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 33 

CURB 

Cause: Faulty conformation of the hind legs; that 
is to say, if an animal has crooked legs, a slight sprain 
from slipping or jumping will produce Curb. In cases 
where an animal has well proportioned limbs, and is 
afflicted with Curb, it is caused by a rupture of the small 
ligament or cord situated just back of the hock. 

Symptoms: A swelling will be noticed on the back 
part of the hock. At first the animal is lame and the 
enlargement is hot and painful. After a few days' rest 
the inflammation will partially subside and the enlarge- 
ment can be plainly seen. When the animal is walked 
about he may be very lame at the start, but this will dis- 
appear as he is moved. 

Treatment : When the Curb is hot and painful, it is 
well to apply ice packs or cold water to the part. When 
the inflammation subsides, apply Red Iodide of Mercury, 
two drams ; Lard, two ounces. Mix and rub in well for 
twenty minutes; repeat every forty-eight hours until 
three applications are applied. If the Curb is of long 
standing it is more difficult to treat, in which case the 
above treatment should be repeated again in two or three 
months. Do not use the animal in drawing heavy loads, 
or drive on slippery roads, for six months. Give the 
blister time to strengthen the ruptured tendons. A high- 
heeled shoe is often valuable in relieving tendons of 

their tension. 

DIARRHOEA 

Cause : Sudden change of food, frozen food, soft food, 
unwholesome food, stagnant water, or drinking large 
quantities of water at one time, purgative medicines, or 
it may be associated with blood diseases, lung and in- 
testinal affections, or produced by micro-organisms. 
Many horses, particularly slack loined, slight, "washy" 
animals, purge if worked or excited, as may be observed 
among race horses when taken to a race course. Diar- 
rhoea may also be due to worms, or it may be merely 

3 



34 



THE VETERINARIAN 




W 



3 M 

OS 

<1 •-> 



o 



^2 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 35 

an effort on the part of nature to expel some irritant 
matter from the bowels or from the blood, in which case 
it should on no account be prematurely checked. 

Symptoms: Frequent loose evacuations of the intes- 
tines, with or without pronounced abdominal pain; gen- 
erally, loss of appetite, animal looks gaunt and the hair 
rough. 

Treatment: Keep the animal quiet, comfortably 
stabled and warmly blanketed. Give pure water to 
drink, often, but in small quantities. If the animal will 
eat, feed moderately on clean food, as rolled oats and 
dry bran. Also, give the following prescription: Pro- 
tan, three ounces; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, ten grains; 
Creosote, one dram ; Powdered Ginger, two ounces ; Pow- 
dered Gum Catechu, six drams; Powdered Gum Cam- 
phor, one-half dram. Mix and make eight powders. 
Place one powder in gelatin capsule and give with cap- 
sule gun, or the same sized dose dissolved in a pint of 
water and used as a drench. However, be very careful 
when drenching an animal. It is dangerous. This pre- 
scription will not only check the diarrhoea, but will tone 
the muscular fibres of the intestines which aid in throw- 
ing off these irritant matters from the system. If the 
horse shows colicky pains, administer the same treat- 
ment as that recommended for colic. It is well to give 
the following treatment in the convalescing stages of 
diarrhoea : Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces ; Ferri Sul- 
phate, four ounces ; Pulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces ; Pulv. 
Fenugreek Seed, eight ounces. Mix and give one heap- 
ing tablespoonful three times daily in feed. This facili- 
tates digestion by stimulating the flow of gastric juices. 



DISTEMPER 

Cause : Distemper is placed among the germ diseases, 

and is produced by the Streptococcus of Schutz. It is 

contagious and a number of animals in the same stable 

may become affected at the same time. It is supposed 



36 THE VETERINARIAN 

to attack an animal but once, but it may be contracted a 
second time. May occur at any time of the year. 

Symptoms: The animal will first appear dull, and 
show loss of appetite, and the hair will look dull and 
rough. There will be a watery discharge from the nose, 
and in a day or so a lump will appear between the jaws ; 
the animal keeps his head in a peculiar position; saliva 
runs from its mouth ; the pulse will be a little faster than 
normal. The breathing will become more rapid and the 
lump between the jaws will get larger. This lump, or 
tumor, may form in other parts of the body, on the 
shoulder, in the groin, lungs or intestines. It usually 
causes death if it cannot be absorbed. This is called 
irregular distemper. A determined effort should be 
made to draw the lump, or tumor, to a head as soon as 
possible. 

Treatment: Place the horse in a clean, well-ven- 
tilated and lighted stall, excluding all drafts, blanket the 
animal, hand rub the legs and bandage them ; give inha- 
lations of steam from Hot Water and Turpentine. A 
good method Tor heating water for this purpose is to 
place hot stones or bricks in the water and Turpentine. 
This will relieve the hard breathing. Remember a horse 
cannot breathe through his mouth, therefore, liquid 
drenches are dangerous. A paste made from Potassi 
Chlorate, two ounces; Potassi Nitrate, two ounces, dis- 
solved in a pint of warm molasses and given well back 
on the tongue in tablespoonful doses every two or three 
hours is very beneficial. A liniment made from equal 
parts of Aqua Ammonia Fort., Turpentine and Sweet Oil 
should be applied every morning over the enlargement 
that appears in the region of the throat. If the enlarge- 
ment fails to come to a head, secure the services of an 
accomplished veterinarian, who will use a clean instru- 
ment for lancing purposes. 

After an attack of distemper your horse is generally 
run down in condition. Give the following: Potassi 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 37 

Nitrate, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces; 
Pulv. Anise Seed, eight ounces. Make into thirty-two 
powders and give one powder three times daily in feed. 



DROPSY 

(Of the Belly, Chest, Sheath, Udder and Legs) 

Cause: Poor circulation; kidneys not working prop- 
erly ; lack of exercise ; diseases of the lungs, liver, heart, 
womb or sheath. Mares heavy with foal often have 
dropsical swellings. 

Symptoms: Swelling seldom contains fluid, although 
sometimes a sticky serum oozes through the skin; lin- 
gers pressed against the swollen parts leave impressions. 

Treatment: Avoid giving physics in this conditio:: 
when possible, especially to mares with foal. Feed laxa- 
tive food, as hot bran mashes, green grass, carrots, pota- 
toes, etc.; also the following mixture: Potassi Iodide, 
two ounces; Potassi Nitrate, four ounces; Chloride or 
Potash, two ounces. Mix and make into sixteen powders. 
Place one powder in their drinking water three times a 
day. Exercise the animal as much as possible and you 
will derive good results from this treatment within a 
week or so. 

I may add that in the above affection it is a bad prac- 
tice to apply hot applications, as the chances are it would 
produce a sloughing of the skin. 



ECZEMA 
Cause: Anything that interferes with the healthy 
action of the skin, as checked sweating, irritation from 
dirty blankets or harness, or from accumulation of dirt 
on the skin through want of grooming, errors in feed- 
ing, overheat, or by infection. In some cases the cause 
seems to be constitutional; in others, local. Though the 
disease is not parasitic in character, it is probable that 
when once contracted the diseased parts may be become 
infected. 



38 THE VETERINARIAN 

Symptoms: Slight dryness and eruptions that may 
affect the head, ears, neck, shoulders, flanks, inside of 
thighs and root of the tail, followed by vesicles or pim- 
ples which burst and discharge, or the contents may be 
absorbed. The animal will rub against the stall, manger, 
or any other object he can reach, until the parts are very 
sore, or if worked, he will rub himself violently when 
unharnessed. 

Treatment: Give Fowler's Solution of Arsenic, one 
tablespoonful morning and night on their feed; also give 
a physic consisting of two drams of Aloin and two drams 
of Pulverized Ginger in gelatin capsule. Give at one 
dose. One physic is all that is necessary to cool out the 
blood, which will assist materially in treating Eczema. 
Also, apply Zinc Ointment twice daily over the vesicles 
or pimples which will appear on the skin. Also, feed 
easily digested food if possible, such as carrots, apples, 
grass, hot bran mashes and steamed rolled oats, and keep 
the animal clean and groom carefully with clean combs 

and brushes. 

EYE DISEASES 

Conjunctivitis, or Inflammation of the superficial 
structure of the eye. 

Caltse : Direct or indirect injury to the eye, as a blow 
from a whip, dust, sand or chaff in the eye, or it may be 
due to extreme cold, heat, or foul air. 

Inflammation of the Membrane of Nictitans 

The membrane of nictation is an accessory eyelid 
common to all domestic animals, the purpose of which 
is to remove foreign substances from the eye in much 
the same manner as we use the hand. 

Symptoms: Conjunctivitis and inflammation of the 
membranes of nictitans are very much the same. A par- 
tial or complete closure of the eye, and a watery dis- 
charge due to overstimulation of the lachrymal glands, 
the fluid being secreted so abundantly that it is impos- 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 39 

sible for the tear duct to carry it away; hence, there will 
be a continuous overflow of tears down the horse's face. 
The formation of a film or scum over the eye need not 
cause alarm if the eye shows no sign of puncture. 

Treatment: Examine the eye carefully and remove 
any foreign body with clean cloth or feather and apply 
the following : Yellow Oxide of Mercury, three grains ; 
Lanolin, one ounce. Mix well together and apply to the 
eye three or four times daily. Avoid the use of liquid 
medicines, as they are hard to apply, and the animal 
throws them out by shaking the head. 



FISTULOUS WITHERS 

Cause : Fistulous Withers are seen mostly in horses 
that have a thick neck as well as those that are very 
high in the withers, or among saddle horses, those that 
are very low on the withers, the saddle here riding 
forward and bruising the parts. They are often caused 
by ill-fitting collars or saddles, by direct injury from 
blows, and from the horse rolling upon rough, sharp 
stones. In this location, the ulcer of the skin or a sim- 
ple abscess-, if not properly and punctually treated, may 
terminate into Fistula. The pus burrows and finds 
lodgment deep down between the muscles, and escapes 
only when the sinuses become surcharged when, during 
motion of the muscles, the pus is forced to the surface. 

Symptoms: These of course will vary according to 
the progress made by the Fistula. Following an injury 
we may often notice soreness or stiffness of the front 
legs, and upon careful examination of the withers we 
will see small tortuous lines running from the point of 
irritation downwards and backwards over the region of 
the shoulder. The stiffness of the limbs may disappear 
at this time, and heat and soreness of the parts may be- 
come less noticeable, but the swelling of the shoulders 
continues to enlarge. The swelling may often have the 
form of a running ulcer, or its contents may dry up and 



40 THE VETERINARIAN 

leave a tumor, which gradually develops the common 
characteristic of a fistulous tumor. When the enlarge- 
ment has an opening, we should carefully examine the 
pus cavity, as upon this condition will wholly depend our 
treatment. 

Treatment : Keep the animal as quiet as possible, as 
any movements of the limbs cause the pus to spread 
between the lines of the muscles and form larger ab- 
scesses or tumors. When the bone becomes diseased, it 
is very difficult to effect a cure, especially where the pus 
burrows back of the Scapula (Shoulder Blade). In case 
the abscess is newly formed, and close to the surface, 
syringing out with a solution made from Bichloride of 
Mercury, five grains to one ounce of water, generally 
causes the white fibrous tissue to slough away and the 
parts to heal rapidly. If the abscess is deep, and the 
bones become diseased, the pus will have a very offensive 
odor, and I would recommend the services of a compe- 
tent Veterinarian to remove all diseased portions of 

bone or muscle. 

FILARIAE 
(Thread-like Worm) 

Cause : Drinking stagnant water, or eating hay gath- 
ered from swamps or marshy land. When full grown, 
the worm measures from two to six inches in length ; the 
tail is more or less curved. They are found in the lung 
cavity, the heart sac, and the intestinal cavity, from 
which they sometimes descend into the sac containing 
the testicles. Animals said to have a snake in the eye 
have been exhibited as curiosities ; in all cases the simu- 
lated snake was nothing more than the Filariae. 

Symptoms: Colicky spells; poor appetite, indiges- 
tion, pot-belly, rough coat; swelling of the sheath, legs, 
and the lower surface of the belly. 

Treatment: Prevention is the only treatment, for 
when the worms once enter the digestive canal, it is 
impossible to remove them. 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 41 

FOUNDER 

Cause: Overeating or drinking — in fact, any irrita- 
tion of the stomach or intestines is liable to be followed 
by Founder, owing to the similarity in the sensitive 
structure of the foot, skin, and mucous membranes. 
Horses with weak feet are predisposed to Founder, but 
it may also occur in strong-footed animals. Founder is 
also produced by driving an animal on a hot summer day 
and then placing in the stable where the sweat is sud- 
denly checked by drafts, etc. 

Symptoms: The horse is stiff, and moves with great 
difficulty; he will generally, though not always, remain 
standing. Throws weight upon the heel of the foot to 
relieve the toe, and if an effort is made to back him he 
will drag his feet. Excessive heat is present at the top 
of the hoof, and a throbbing of the arteries may be felt. 
When the fore feet only are affected, the horse will re- 
lieve them of as much weight as possible when walking 
by placing the hind feet well under the body, which 
results in a peculiar jumping motion. Founder may oc- 
cur in all four feet, but the fore feet are more often 
affected than the hind ones. Mares sometimes founder 
after giving birth to a colt, due to inflammation of the 
womb ; symptoms correspond to those of common Foun- 
der. Founder may be mistaken for disease of the lungs 
or kidneys, owing to the standing position and arched 
back. Veterinarians have been known to mistake it for 
lung fever ; the services of such men are dangerous and 
should be avoided. 

Treatment: In all cases of Founder, administer Po- 
tassi Iodide, one ounce; Soda Bicarbonate, four ounces; 
Potassi Nitrate, four ounces. Mix and give one table- 
spoonful in drinking water every six hours. If the 
animal will not take it in its water, place in gelatin cap- 
sule and give with capsule gun. 

Find out the true cause of the disease, if possible, and 
perhaps a physic will be indicated, containing Aloin, 



42 THE VETERINARIAN 

two drams; Ginger, two drams; place it in a capsule 
and give with capsule gun. If desired results are not 
obtained in eighteen hours, repeat the dose until there 
is an action of the bowels. Founder following excessive 
irritation of the stomach and intestines, or mares heavy 
with foal, should not receive physics. Feed food that 
is easily digested, as carrots, kale, apples, potatoes, hot 
bran mashes, or steamed rolled oats, etc. 

It is well to elevate the hind quarters and give rectal 
injections of Warm Water and Glycerine. Stand in 
mud or water, or apply bags containing mud, bran or 
ice; in fact, anything that will have a cool, moist effect 
on the feet. 

After the inflammation of the feet has subsided, and 
the animal walks fairly well, you should apply a blister 
containing Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams ; Lard, two 
ounces, around the top of the hoofs, and rub in well 
twice forty-eight hours apart. In some cases of Foun- 
der it is recommended to bleed the animal in the foot. 
If this is attempted, good disinfectants should be used, 
as lock-jaw might follow. 



GALLS 



Cause: Injuries from ill-fitting collars, saddles, har- 
ness, hobbles and scalping-boots. 
„ Treatment : Remove the cause. Never wash a Gall 
with water, as this prevents its healing, nor use oils or 
salves, as they accumulate dirt, dust and germs, which 
may cause infection. The following application makes 
a very valuable dressing for Galls: Boracic Acid, one 
ounce; Corn Starch, one ounce; Tannic Acid, one-half 
ounce ; Iodoform, one dram. Powder finely and place in 
sifter-top can. Dust on Gall before going to work and 
on retiring. This heals and refreshes the Galls and 
wounds by forming a smooth surface over the part, which 
permits it to heal while the horse works. 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 43 

GREASE HEEL 

Cause: Parasitic fungi invading cracked heels. 

Symptoms: Offensive discharge from the glands un- 
der the skin, and if not properly treated, red spots will 
appear, and the yellow discharge will form a hard crust 
sticking to the roots of the hair. 

Treatment: Cleanliness is one of the most impor- 
tant measures. Also, good nourishing food. If the skin 
is swollen and tender, poultice with hot Flaxseed Meal or 
bran. After the swelling and tenderness have abated, 
wash well with good Castile Soap and Warm Water. 
Dry with clean cloth and apply the following mixture: 
Calomel, one dram ; Iodoform, one dram ; Boracic Acid, 
one ounce. Mix well and apply two to three times a day. 
Feed green grass, carrots, kale, apples, or potatoes if 
possible, also feed hot bran mashes. In all cases of 
Grease Heel give the following physic: Aloin, two 
drams ; Pulv. Ginger, two drams. Place in a capsule and 
give with capsule gun. A physic has a very good effect 
on the blood, which assists materially in healing the 
cracks and nodules that appear in Grease Heel. 



GLANDERS OR FARCY 

Cause: Due to a specific germ called the Bacillus 
Malleii, or Bacillus of Glanders. Glanders, or Farcy, is 
very contagious, and is transmissible to man as well as 
animals. Cattle and sheep alone are immune. The dis- 
ease may be contracted at watering troughs, stables, 
horseshoeing shops, in boats, trains and by harness, bits, 
curry combs, bedding, pails, etc., as well as by direct con- 
tact with a diseased animal. 

Symptoms: Animal does not thrive although the ap- 
petite is good at times; loss of flesh, and is subject to 
sweats, the hair looks rough, the temperature increasing 
slightly, perhaps two degrees, a cough is generally 
present. Legs and abdomen are swollen; discharge 
from the nose, sometimes tinged with blood and very 



44 



THE VETERINARIAN 



sticky, the membranes of the nose look dusty, and ulcers 
or spots are visible if closely examined. The glands 
under the back of the cars and between the jaws are 
hard, lumpy and swollen. 

In addition to the above symptoms, Farcy affects the 
skin by producing swellings, or nodules, varying from 




Belgian Stallion Belvedere, First Prize Winner. 
Owned by Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa. 

the size of a pea to that of a hickory nut (called Farcy 
buds, or Farcy buttons), which are found inside of the 
hind legs under the abdomen, on the side of the chest, 
shoulder and neck, also around the nose, lips and face. 
Generally there is a discharge of greenish-yellow pus, 
which is very sticky. 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 45 

Glanders, or Farcy, may be mistaken for nasal catarrh, 
nasal gleet, ulcerated teeth, nettle rash, lymphangitis, 
distemper, etc. Fortunately, this dreaded disease is not 
very prevalent in this country, as every precaution has 
been taken to stamp it out. 

No Treatment: If at any time you have reason to 
think one of your animals has the disease, or even a 
neighbor's, or a transient horse, exhibits the symptoms, 
it is your duty to report the fact to the State Veterina- 
rian at once. You will do this if you have your own 
welfare and that of your neighborhood at heart. 



HEAVES 
(Emphysema of the Lungs) 

Cause: Fast or heavy work. It may follow Lung 
Fever or Pleurisy, or the animal may inherit weakness 
in the walls of the air-cells of the lungs. A very com- 
mon cause is feeding dusty or dirty hay, or bulky food. 
Horses that are accustomed to eating ravenously are 
often victims of Heaves. 

Symptoms: Disease may develop slowly or rapidly. 
When the animal is at rest, the air is taken into the lungs 
in a more or less normal manner, but is expelled by two 
distinct efforts, the abdominal muscles aiding the lungs 
in expiration, as may be seen by the heaving of the 
flank ; the movement of the ribs in breathing is scarcely 
noticeable in a heavy horse. A healthy animal, when at 
rest, will throw the air from the lungs in a single effort. 
The difficulty in breathing is constant and increases in 
proportion to the amount of food in the stomach and 
intestines. At the beginning of the attack there is a 
spasmodic cough, which is more or less intermittent; 
this develops later into a short, weak, suppressed cough, 
as if the animal lacked strength in his chest to expel a 
full breath, often accompanied by expulsion of wind 
from the anus, which is somewhat protruded. 

Treatment : Feed good, nourishing food, but nothing 



46 THE VETERINARIAN 

that is of a bulky nature. Feed more grain and less 
hay, which should be dampened with water if dusty. Do 
not feed dusty, musty or bulky food, but give plenty of 
potatoes, apples, kale and green grass. Have your drug- 
gist make you up one quart of Fowler's Solution of 
Arsenic, omitting the Tincture of Lavender. This is 
soothing to the organs of breathing, and should be given 
two tablespoonfuls three times a day on the feed. After 
a week or ten days you might increase the dose slightly. 
Although this will make the horse work much better, do 
not give it with the hope of effecting a complete cure, 
as very few cases recover fully from this disease. 



HORSE DENTISTRY 

This is a very important branch of Veterinary Science, 
although, if I were to go into detail on the subject, it 
would require the writing of an individual volume. This 
science requires considerable practice. The price of spe- 
cial costly instruments would prohibit the average stock- 
man from doing his own dentistry. 

My advice is to secure nothing but the services of a 
qualified Veterinarian, who has had privileges of a thor- 
ough knowledge of Veterinary Science. 

The art of animal dentistry has been abused by the 
owners of stock allowing the services of irresponsible 
men in the veterinary profession, who do not look to the 
betterment of the animal's condition. The owner of the 
animal, not being able to see the condition of the animal's 
teeth for himself, is persuaded into having the animal's 
teeth worked on regardless- of whether it is needed or 
not. The quack or transient Veterinarian will pull and 
crack healthy, sound teeth, and also lacerate the poor 
animal's mouth. Be sure the Veterinarian employed for 
this purpose is competent. 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 47 

INFLUENZA 

(Pink Eye — Epizootic Catarrh) 

Cause : Influenza is a specific and infectious fever, 
which shows a marked tendency to rapidly spread over a 
large area of country. It generally appears suddenly, 
without preliminary symptoms, and may become fully 
developed in twenty-four hours. 

Symptoms : The usual symptoms are • those of Ca- 
tarrh, although the bowels, lungs and brain complica- 
tions may be present, either singly or combined. It 
always gives rise to great weakness. The distinguish- 
ing characteristics of Influenza from Distemper, Sore 
Throat, and other diseases affecting the organs of 
breathing, are the suddenness of the attack, rise of tem- 
perature, varying from 103° F. to 106° F., pulse feeble 
and fast, and a pinkish, swollen appearance of the in- 
side of the eyelids. The animal is dull, in some cases 
almost unconscious. Sometimes the legs are very stiff 
and swollen, and there is great difficulty in moving about. 

Treatment : Place the affected animal in a clean, well 
ventilated stall, avoid drafts, give pure water to drink 
with chill taken off, in small quantities but often. 
Blanket if the weather is chilly, hand rub the legs and 
bandage, give Quinine, two drams, in a gelatin capsule 
with capsule gun every four hours. In addition to the 
above, administer the treatment recommended for Acute 
and Chronic Coughs. 

Feed good, nutritious food that has a laxative effect 
on the bowels, as it is dangerous to give horses physic 
with this disease. Hot bran mashes, steamed rolled oats 
and vegetables are very beneficial. 



LAMPAS 

Cause : In young horses it is commonly caused by cut- 
ting teeth. In older animals it is usually due to indi- 
gestion. 

Symptoms: A puffy swelling and redness of the 
gums. The animal may have difficulty in eating. 



48 THE VETERINARIAN 

Treatment: In young animals, when cutting teeth, 
let nature take its course, but when an animal is five 
years or over, place two drams of Aloin, and two drams 
of Pulv. Ginger, in a gelatin capsule and administer with 
capsule gun. Then tone up the digestive organs by mix- 
ing one ounce of Pulv. Gentian Root, one ounce of Pulv. 
Nux Vomica, four ounces of Bicarbonate of Soda. Make 
into eight powders and give one powder in feed twice 
daily, or place in gelatin capsule and administer with 
capsule gun. 



LEECHES 

(Hcemopis) 

The leeches which suck the blood of the horse may be 
divided into two classes, the external parasites which 
attach themselves to the skin of the legs and adjacent 
parts of the horse, and the Haemopis Sanguisuga, and 
others of this class, which, not being able to penetrate 
the skin, endeavor to enter the mouth or nostrils of the 
horse when he is drinking or grazing in wet and 
leech-infected pastures. They sometimes cling to the 
mucous membrane of the eyes. The horse leech, which 
lives in the water, usually gains access to the mouth and 
nostrils of the animal, when young and not more than 
one-tenth of an inch long. They rarely go beyond the 
air and food passages, generally fastening themselves 
to the walls of the windpipe and gullet, where they cling 
till the animal dies from loss of blood or suffocation. 
They often cause bleeding from the mouth and nostrils, 
and may be seen by close examination. 

Treatment : Endeavor to build up the condition of 
the animal with suitable food. Also feed liberal quan- 
tities of stock salt. Where the leeches cling tightly to 
the mucous membranes of the mouth and nostrils, it is 
well to cause the horse to inhale the vapor from hot 
water containing turpentine. 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 49 

LOCK-JAW 

(Tetanus) 

Cause : The bacilli of Tetanus are widely distributed 
and can be found in practically every part of the globe. 
Their favorite place of production, however, is in barn 
yards and marshy ground. They are frequently swal- 
lowed by stock along with forage, and can often be found 
in recently expelled feces. The most favorable temper- 
ature for their development is about 70° F. They act 
by means of extremely virulent poisons which they pro- 
duce, and which causes the terrible symptoms that are 
characteristic of the disease. 

Symptoms: The muscles of expression are usually 
the first brought under the continual spasm of tetanus, 
and when thus affected give the face of the animal a 
pinched and drawn-in appearance. The other muscles 
of the head and those of the neck are next attacked. The 
mouth is closed, the nose poked out, the head elevated. 
The muscles of breathing, and those of the limbs, be- 
come contracted so that the neck is hollowed, and the 
tail is raised, the horse stands with outstretched limbs. 
The animal shows great stiffness or rigidity in attempted 
movements. The eyes are sunken, and when startled 
or excited, the breathing is quickened and the flanks 
have a wrinkled or corrugated appearance. Death may 
quickly occur from continuous spasms of the muscles of 
the throat. Another sign is the flying up of the accessory 
eyelid when the animal is excited. 

Treatment : If noticed in its first stages, and if the 
animal is able to eat, secure the services of an accom- 
plished Veterinarian and insist on the use of fresh vac- 
cine. This disease is almost impossible to cure, and 
about ninety per cent die. 



50 THE VETERINARIAN 

LUNG FEVER 

(Pneumonia) 

Cause : Predisposition is largely accountable for this 
disease, which is more common to young horses than 
old; also, changes of temperature, introduction of for- 
eign bodies or liquids into the trachea (windpipe) and 
the bronchial tubes, inhalation of smoke or irritating- 
gases, excitement, exposure to cold after clipping, turn- 
ing out to pasture from a warm stable, or injury to chest 
or ribs from being struck with a pole, etc. 

Symptoms : Dullness in spirit ; animal usually shivers 
or trembles; when this ceases the temperature rises to 
perhaps 103° to 106° F., pulse increases to sixty or 
ninety per minute, full and bounding; breathing short 
and labored and abnormally quick, increasing to per- 
haps fifty inspirations per minute, whereas in health it 
does not exceed twelve or thirteen per minute. A cough 
is also likely to be present, and the animals remain stand- 
ing until they are on the road to recovery, or until death 
takes place. Other symptoms are constipation, feces 
covered with mucus or slime ; urination frequent, scanty 
and dark in color; appetite poor, but thirst great; the 
eyes look glassy and the membranes have an inflamed 
appearance. It is a good sign if the animal looks about 
freely. When the critical stage is past the temperature 
and pulse gradually fall, the appetite returns and the 
urine becomes more abundant, and takes on its natural 
color, the cough loosens, and the discharge from the 
lungs is profuse, and of a yellowish color, and the 
breathing becomes normal. 

Treatment: Good care is of the utmost importance. 
Place the horse in a comfortable, well ventilated stall, 
being careful to exclude drafts. Hand rub and bandage 
the legs with woolen cloth. Blanket the animal, give 
plenty of bedding and keep pure water before him at 
all times. Internally administer Quinine, two ounces; 
Iodide of Ammonia, two ounces; Ammonia Bicarbonate, 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 51 

two ounces. Mix well and make into sixteen powders. 
Place powder in gelatin capsule and give witli capsule 
gun every four hours. It is quite necessary that the 
above remedy should be placed in capsule, as drugs of 
this nature tend to irritate the throat. Do not give 
physics, as it is much safer to give laxative food, as hot 
bran mashes, steam rolled oats or some vegetables, in 
fact anything the animal will eat, i. e., that has food 
values. It is advisable to apply over the chest the fol- 
lowing liniment ; Aqua Ammonia Fort., four ounces ; 
Turpentine, four ounces ; Raw Linseed Oil, four ounces. 
Mix and shake well before applying each time over the 
chest cavity. 

In case the animal is constipated, give rectal injec- 
tions of soap and warm water containing a few drops of 

Turpentine. 

MANGE 
(Scabies) 

Cause: Mange is a contagious disease, produced by 
the presence of a small parasite that varies in length 
from a fiftieth to a hundredth of an inch, according to 
the species, of which there are three : Sarcoptes, which 
generally affects the withers; Symbiotes Communis, af- 
fecting the legs, and the Psoroptes Communis, which 
affects horses about the root of the tail and mane. The 
latter is the one most commonly found affecting horses. 
They multiply rapidly and are spread from diseased to 
healthy horses by their bodies coming in contact with 
one another, or by corrals, stables, railroad cars, etc., 
recently occupied by mangy horses. 

Symptoms : The mange mite attacks the skin and pro- 
duces a thickness of its outer surface, covering it with 
crusts and scabs, with a consequent loss of hair. In- 
tense itching accompanies the disease, and affected 
horses continually bite and rub themselves. 

Psoroptic Mange commences at the root of the tail, 
or at the roots of the mane on the neck or withers, and 



52 THE VETERINARIAN 

gradually spreads over the back, up to the head, over 
the sides, and finally affects the entire body. In cases of 
long standing the skin becomes ulcerated, the animal 
becomes greatly weakened, emaciated and finally dies. 
Treatment : When a large number of horses are 
affected (in one locality) it is best to prepare a vat and 
dip them, under the supervision of the United States 
Bureau of Animal Industry. When just a few horses 
become affected, the following has proven very^eff ective : 
Sulphur, eight ounces; Oil of Tar, eight ounces; Sweet 
Oil, two quarts. Mix and apply liberally to the parts 
affected. A few applications are generally sufficient to 
eradicate the disease. 



MONDAY MORNING DISEASE 

(Lymphangitis) 

Cause : This ailment is common with hard working 
horses, and is caused by confining them- in the stable and 
allowing their usual amount of food. More nutriment is 
consumed than can be taken up by the system, which 
causes an irritation. It is frequently found in certain 
stables on Monday morning, hence its name — Monday 
Morning Disease. 

Symptoms: Swelling and lameness, most usually af- 
fecting the hind leg inside of the thigh and extending 
down the leg in a hard ridge. It will pit on pressure, 
and cause intense pain; the horse will have difficulty in 
extending the limb forward, the swelling may surround 
the leg entirely. Pulse will be fifty to sixty per minute, 
temperature 102° to 104° F., breathing will be faster 
than normal. The animal has great thirst, but the appe- 
tite is very poor; usually remains standing; if he lies 
down will have great difficulty in getting up. 

Treatment: In this particular disease apply hot 
fomentations to the affected limb or limbs, for one hour, 
then rub dry and apply Camphorated Liniment. Give 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 53 

Nitrate Potassi, Chlorate of Potassi, Iodide Potassi, 
each four ounces. Mix and make into thirty-two pow- 
ders. Give one powder three times a day in drinking 
water or in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule 
gun. 

In most cases it is advisable to give a physic : Aloin, 
two drams; Pulv. Gentian Boot, one dram; Ginger, one 
dram. Place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule 
gun. 



MUD FEVER 

Cause : Horses driven over muddy roads during the 
day and exposed to freezing weather at night, or driving 
them over muddy roads, then washing the limbs and not 
drying them properly, often produces a superficial in- 
flammation of the legs. 

Symptoms: The legs are swollen, extremely hot and 
tender, the horse is stiff, the hair comes off the legs easily 
and if the cause is not removed severe complication may 
follow, as the secretions of the skin become greatly af- 
fected. 

Treatment: Prevention. Horses that are driven 
over muddy, wet roads should have their legs rubbed dry 
when stabling them for any length of time. When the 
legs are badly swollen wash them with clean warm water 
and castile soap and dry them well with a clean soft cloth. 
Then apply Zinc Oxide Ointment or a lotion made from 
Acetate of Lead, one ounce; Zinc Sulphate, one-half 
ounce. Place in a quart of clean water and apply twice 
daily. Either application is very beneficial in the treat- 
ment of Mud Fever. Feed the animal wheat bran mashes, 
steamed rolled oats, vegetables, etc., as they have a very 
good effect on the system which aids in relieving the in- 
flammation of the skin. 



54 THE VETERINARIAN 

NASAL GLEET 

(Chronic Catarrh) 

Cause: Exposure to cold followed by neglect, and 
lack of nourishing food ; bruise or fracture of the frontal 
bones of the head; injury of the blood-vessels inside the 
bones, or an ulcerated tooth. May also be caused by 
tumor, or foreign substance or liquids in the nasal cavi- 
ties. Sometimes dried pus in the nostrils, resulting from 
a cold, will cause nasal gleet. 

Symptoms : A white or yellowish discharge from one 
or both of the nostrils, the quantity varying with the 
severity of the attack and the length of time the disease 
has been established. If, when tapping over the nose 
below the eye, a dull sound is produced, it is safe to con- 
clude that the cavities are filled with pus ; to make certain, 
compare the sick animal with a healthy one; in some 
cases you will notice that even the bones of the nose below 
the eye are slightly elevated. The lining of the nose may 
be of a red or yellow color but not ulcerated in spots, as 
in Glanders. The animal may continue in pretty good 
spirits and work well for a time but as the case develops 
he becomes lean in flesh and what is termed hide-bound. 
Always examine the teeth. In a case of long standing, 
the discharge has a fetid smell, differing in this respect 
also from Glanders. 

Treatment : If not due to fractured bones of the head 
or ulcerated teeth, the animal will, in most cases', recover 
with proper medical treatment. When due to injury to 
the bones of the head, tumors, ulcerated teeth or dried 
pus in the nasal cavities-, it is best to secure the services 
of a skillful Veterinarian, one whose professional knowl- 
edge renders him thoroughly competent. In the mild 
forms of nasal-gleet or chronic catarrh, administer the 
following: Ferri Sulphate, Potassi Iodide, Nux Vomica, 
each four ounces. Mix well and make into thirty-two 
capsules. Give one capsule three times daily and feed 
food that is nourishing and easily digested: 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 55 

NAVEL STRING INFECTION 

(Umbilical Pyemia) 

Cause and Nature: While the unborn foal (foetus) 
is in the womb of its mother, it is surrounded by envelop- 
ing membranes which constitute the after-birth on deliv- 
ery. These membranes are attached to the wall of the 
womb and are connected to the foetus by means of the 
navel-string (umbilical cord) which is provided with two 
arteries and a vein for the nourishment of the young 
creature and for the removal of its waste products. 

It also has a narrow canal (the urachus) which serves 
to remove the urine of the foetus ; in fact the subsequent- 
ly formed bladder takes its origin from a dilation of the 
urachus. Under normal conditions when the foal is born, 
respiration takes place, the umbilical arteries and veins 
become quickly blocked up, urine is discharged through 
the urethra (which communicates with the penis or va- 
gina, as the case may be), the foal enjoys a separate 
existence and the wound caused by the division of the 
umbilical cord leaves a scar which is known as the navel. 

It is usually supposed that the germ of navel-string 
infection gains admittance into the body through the ex- 
posed surface before the wound is closed. However, I 
am of the opinion that the mother is the bearer of the 
infection in a great many cases for in the uterine secre- 
tions of mares whose foals fell with navel-string infec- 
tion, the same characteristic germs were found as were 
present in the joints of the affected foals. The infec- 
tious material is, by the act of covering, conveyed from 
mare to mare, so that the mucous membranes of the 
womb becomes the habitat of the specific germ. By in- 
oculation of these germs into the blood stream of foals an 
illness is produced which in the smallest particular can- 
not be distinguished from that arising in naturally af- 
fected foals. It is a strange fact that when the infected 
germs are transmitted by the mother, their presence does 
not produce any disturbance in her. 



56 



THE VETERINARIAN 





DISEASES OF THE HORSE 57 

This is a very common malady in most places. I have 
known several instances on particular farms where they 
were unable to raise either foals or calves, but if the 
mother were removed to another farm immediately after 
or before foaling, the foal or calf lived and was reared 
without difficulty, and although constitutional debility 
plays an important part, the presence of specific germs 
constituting an infected area is, I believe, the most im- 
portant factor in producing this disease. 

According to my observation, about seventy-five per 
cent of the cases die within the first three weeks after 
birth. This high rate of mortality would be considerably 
diminished if proper treatment was adopted. 

Symptoms: The attack usually comes on during the 
second or third week after birth and almost always be- 
fore the closure of the navel opening, which, in affected 
animals, will be found to be in a wet and suppurating 
condition. Occasionally foals two or three months old 
which have the urachus closed and are in an apparently 
healthy condition contract this disease in a form of pain- 
ful swelling of the joints. The first symptoms are gen- 
erally dullness; more or less fever; lameness which is 
often attributed to rheumatism or to injury caused by 
the mare treading on the foal ; the disinclination to move 
or even to stand. Upon examination the patient will be 
found to have a soft, gelatinous swelling of one or more of 
the joints of which the hock, elbow, fetlock, stifle and hip 
usually manifest the enlargement most clearly. 

These swellings are hot and painful to the touch ; they 
tend to suppurate and frequently cause intense lameness. 
In very rare cases open urachus may exist without any 
joint inflammation. In this disease, inflammation of the 
joints and open urachus are almost always co-existent. 

Animals that recover from a bad attack are seldom 
worth the trouble of rearing, because as a rule their con- 
stitution becomes permanently impaired and one or more 
of their joints becomes stiffened by the attack. 



58 THE VETERINARIAN 

Treatment : In the treatment of this disease, we have 
to attend to constitutional disturbances, inflamed joints, 
open urachus and complications such as constipation and 
diarrhoea. The comfort of our little patient must be 
studied under all circumstances. If the weather be at all 
cold it should be covered by a warm sheet. Should the 
foal have any difficulty in rising from the recumbent 
position, an attendant should assist it to rise and see that 
it is regularly fed. It is only in extreme cases that the 
animal refuses to suck its dam. During warm weather, 
and especially if the ground is dry, such a patient is al- 
ways better off for a little sunshine, but on no account 
must it be left out during extreme heat, as in this state 
it is very liable to sunstroke. The best food for the 
mare is grass, which, during the day, she can generally 
have. The inflamed joints of the foal should be rubbed 
lightly with the following, after being thoroughly mixed : 
Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams ; Vaseline, two ounces, 
every forty-eight hours, which, when applied to the skin, 
appears to have a well-marked antiseptic action on the 
underlying tissues. An inflamed joint should on no ac- 
count be bathed with warm water, fomented or poulticed 
because the application of moist heat would be the best 
possible means for promoting the development of the in- 
fective germs which are the cause of the local and gen- 
eral disturbance. The open navel-string should not be 
ligatured because that operation is generally followed by 
an increased inflammation of the part, and by an aggrava- 
tion of the other symptoms apparently on account of this 
outlet for deleterious products becoming blocked up. If 
the navel-string has been ligatured and is in an inflamed 
state, the ligature should be removed without delay. If 
the foal is constipated give two to three ounces of Castor 
Oil; also, administer the following: Zinc Sulphocarbo- 
lates, one-half dram ; Hyposulphite of Soda, four ounces. 
Mix and make into thirty-two powders. Give one powder 
well back on the tongue every four hours. 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 59 

As a supplement to the food, we may give brown sugar 
or treacle, both of which are easily digested and are very 
nourishing. Four or five eggs daily will also aid in keep- 
ing up the strength. 

NAVEL RUPTURE 

(Umbilical Hernia) 
Cause: Hereditary predisposition is well marked in 
this complaint. It may exist at birth, but so-called con- 
genital rupture may very probably be the result of the 
pulling which the navel-string underwent at the time of 
foaling. However, umbilical hernia usually occurs during 
the first two or three months after birth ; that is to say, 
while the opening at the navel is becoming obliterated and 
the tissues at that place are becoming consolidated. They 
can, however, appear later and may result from more or 
less violent strains sustained when the foals are jumping 
or playing. At other times these strains are induced by 
intestinal irritation accompanied by diarrhoea or consti- 
pation with straining. But, however the strain may 
take place, the abdominal muscles contract and push the 
intestines towards the wall of the belly. Then if they 
find an opening or even a weak spot, like the ring of the 
navel while it is undergoing the process of becoming 
blocked up, they select it and a rupture is produced. 

Symptoms: This rupture, the situation of which 
clearly shows its character, may vary in size from that 
of a hen's egg to that of an ostrich's egg. If pressed 
upon with the hand, especially if the animal is placed on 
its back, the rupture will disappear, to return, however, 
when the pressure is removed. If it be composed of in- 
testines it will be soft and elastic when the bowels are 
empty, but when they are full of semi-solid food they 
will be doughy. In any event, the tumor will feel elastic 
when composed of intestines, but when formed of its con- 
necting membranes, will naturally not vary in consist- 
ence. If intestines be present, movements and ab- 
dominal rumblings may be detected in it. This rupture 



60 THE VETERINAEIAN 

rarely gives rise to serious consequences because its 
contents are composed of large intestines and omentum, 
either of which is, in this position, not liable to become 
strangulated. It may, however, become engorged and 
inflamed from injury. Its existence naturally depreciates 
the value of an animal suffering from it. 

Treatment : In the majority of cases, they will dis- 
appear with their own accord in two or three months. In 
case the rupture shows no signs of diminishing in size it 
is well to apply a bandage around the abdomen or secure 
the services of a competent veterinarian and he will pre- 
scribe a treatment or operate, which will apply directly 
to your colt's or horse's particular case. 



OPEN JOINT 

Cause : Injuries such as a kick from a sharp shoe, 
wire cuts, punctures from snags, or from probing a wound 
near a joint. Open joint is one of the most serious ac- 
cidents that may happen to a horse, for the sufferer is 
apt to die from the ensuing constitutional disturbance, 
and even if he recovers the joint will, in all probability, 
be permanently stiff. 

Symptoms : If the joint is opened or severely injured 
the wound will have an ordinary appearance except that 
there may be a flow of joint oil from the injured oil sack. 
However, the discharge gradually becomes more un- 
healthy until finally it is mixed with pus and blood and 
assumes a fetid odor. After two or three days the joint 
swells and becomes very painful and a high fever sets in. 
In unfavorable cases the animal dies from exhaustion 
very shortly, or at best recovers with a permanently stiff 
joint. 

Treatment : Never probe a wound near a joint. If 
the injury is small and noticed immediately, apply Red 
Iodide of Mercury, two drams; Vaseline, two ounces. 
Mix and rub in well over the wound. This will set up 
sufficient inflammation to close the opening and kill any 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 61 

infection that may be present, as it possesses powerful 
antiseptic properties. If the wound is large, wash with 
Bichloride of Mercury, one part to one thousand parts 
distilled water. The wound should be washed twice a 
day with this solution. Then dust the wound with Tannic 
Acid, one ounce ; Iodoform, one ounce ; Boracic Acid, one 
ounce; Calomel, one dram. Mix and place in sifter top 
can and apply this after washing each time. Then band- 
age the wound by first placing clean absorbent cotton over 
the wound. Do not attempt to syringe a solution into an 
opening or some of the solution may gain entrance into 
the joint. Keep the animal as quiet as possible and feed 

laxative food. 

PALESADE WORM 
(Strongulus Armatus) 

This parasite thrives on marshy ground and is com- 
monly found in the United States and Canada. The body 
of the worm is gray in color, more or less stiff and 
. straight and thicker in the front than in the hind part ; 
it varies in length, the male measuring from three-fourths 
of an inch to one inch and the female from one to two 
inches. It may occur in an adult or an immature state. 
In the former it implants itself on the mucous mem- 
brane of the large intestines by means of its armed 
mouth, while in the latter it lives in cysts underneath the 
mucous membrane of the intestines and is sometimes 
found in the brain, testicles and liver. The immature 
worms which do not issue directly from the cysts get into 
the arteries and are carried by the force of the blood to 
all parts of the body. 

Symptoms: Same as in Red Worm with the exception 
of colicky pains caused by the worms blocking the ar- 
teries which carry blood to the intestines, thus interfering 
with the process of digestion. Where the worms enter 
the arteries of the limbs it results in lameness. It is a 
good plan to examine your animals once or twice a year 
to insure them against this pest. 

Teeatment : Same as for Red Worm. 



62 THE VETERINARIAN 

PLEURISY 

Cause : Exposed to a sudden change of temperature, 
confinement in ill-ventilated, damp stables, wounds pen- 
etrating the chest, fractured ribs, heart diseases. It also 
occurs in conjunction with Bronchitis, Influenza, etc. 

Symptoms: Generally only one side of the lungs is 
affected and that being the right, although it may affect 
both sides at the same time. First you will notice the 
animal distressed, uneasy, shivering, the affected side is 
painful to pressure of the hand. The breathing is short 
and quick, and the flanks heave — which shows that the 
animal tries to breathe as much as possible, by the action 
of the muscles of the abdomen and not by the movement 
of the ribs. The nostrils are dilated. There is usually 
a short, dry, painful cough present, which is repressed 
by the animal as much as possible, so as not to shake the 
inflamed parts. Often when expelling air from the lungs 
the horse gives a painful grunt especially when made to 
move. The pulse is generally hard and faster than 
usual. The temperature in early stages may rise from 
104° to 106° F. If the ear is applied to the affected side a 
dry crackling or friction sound can be heard ; a groove 
along the lower portion of the ribs will extend back to 
the flank. Within two or three days the pulse will be 
softer and weaker, temperature will fall to 101° or 102° 
F. and there will be fluids form and the painful short 
breathing will disappear. The liquids may now undergo 
absorption if properly treated, and the case terminate 
favorably in a week or ten days. 

Frequently large quantities of fluid accumulate in the 
chest cavity that cannot be absorbed, the breathing be- 
comes more difficult, short and quick, pulse becomes weak 
and rapid and the animal dies from exhaustion. 

Treatment : Place the animal in a comfortable, roomy 
stall; blanket if the weather is chilly, permit fresh air, 
but no drafts, as this is very important. Apply a paste 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 63 

made from Mustard and cold water over the chest cavity. 
Internally, administer Ammonium Iodide, Chlorate of 
Potash, Nitrate of Potash, each four ounces. Make into 
thirty-two powders and give one powder every two or 
three hours in gelatin capsule and administer with cap- 
sule gun. The diet is a proper means of keeping up the 
animal and is very important. Coax the animal to eat 
grass or vegetables, hot bran mashes or steam rolled 
oats. If there is a cough present, give the same treat- 
ment as recommended for Acute and Chronic Coughs. 



PIN WORM, THREAD OR MAW WORM 

(Oxyuris Curvilis) 

This worm when full grown is about one and three- 
quarter inches in length; its tail is thin and whip-like 
and head thick and terminating in a curve somewhat re- 
sembling the crook of a stick. The presence of these 
parasites may be detected by a light-yellow substance 
(the eggs of the worms) which adheres to the skin below 
the anus. Pin Worms like Round Worms frequently come 
away with the feces. 

Treatment: Dissolve four tablespoonfuls Common 
Salt in one gallon of warm water and inject it into the 
rectum. When this has been expelled, follow with an in- 
jection per rectum of Turpentine, four ounces, to one-half 
gallon Linseed Oil. Elevate the horse's hind quarters so 
as to retain the injection longer. This will expel the 
worms and their eggs that cling to the walls of the rec- 
tum. The worms sometimes make their way so far for- 
ward that it is impossible to reach them with an injec- 
tion. In this case treat same as for Round worms. 

Where there is irritation produced about the tail the 
horse continually rubs and it is well to apply Mercurial 
Ointment to both tail and the anus. 



64 THE VETERINARIAN 

POLL EVIL 

Poll Evil is so-called because it occurs in the region of 
the poll. It is not a constitutional disease, but comes, 
no doubt, from well marked causes, as from inflammation 
set up and involving the bones and muscles in the region 
of the poll, and perhaps of the larger ligament. Owing 
to the low vitality of the parts and the action of the head 
in taking food, etc., the pus is apt to burrow deep into the 
muscles. 

Cause: Direct or indirect injury. A common cause 
is striking the head against a low doorway or an ill-fitting 
halter or bridle. 

Symptoms : Swelling just back of the ears on one or 
both sides of the head. The animal stands with the nose 
out; slight heat in the parts, pain on pressure. In the 
first stages, it is merely inflammatory action. The second 
stage is suppuration, or there may be great swelling in 
some cases when there is but little pus formed. 

In other cases there is profuse suppuration and the 
pus makes its way out and discharges to the surface and 
sinuses are formed, which extend in various directions. 
Any abscess in this region is called Poll Evil. 

Treatment : When the enlargement is first noticed in 
the region of the poll, I would advise the following : Red 
Iodide of Mercury, four drams; Lard, four ounces, rub 
in well over the enlargement and perhaps this will pre- 
vent sinuses from forming, but when the cases are long 
standing and so-called pipes are formed, I would advise 
that you secure the services of an accomplished Veteri- 
narian. 

PETECHIAL FEVER 
(Purpura Haemorrhagica) 

Cause: Constitutional weakness following some de- 
bilitating disease such as Distemper, Pink Eye, Catarrh 
and even following operations, when an animal becomes 
weak and from want of exercise, in which case it generally 
appears during his recovery. It is not infectious and 
cannot be transmitted by inoculations. 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 65 

Symptoms: There is a slight swelling of the limbs, 
more likely to be about the hocks. The swelling may 
disappear by exercising, but will soon return. The swell- 
ings present a very abrupt appearance, nearly the same 
as if a string were tied around the limbs and swell very 
quickly, and symptomatic of Purpura. Exudations take 
place in which, if on white limbs, you will see little red 
spots, from which a liquid is oozing. The swelling is 
very painful and the entire limb may be swollen. Small 
vesicles appear on the limbs and also in the mucous mem- 
branes, and it is well to look at the mucous membranes 
before giving your opinion, as you will, no doubt, detect 
these spots, which may extend into the lungs. These 
spots increase and may run into each other. The mucous 
membranes of the nose may become a mass of corrupt 
matter. The upper lip may hang pendulous, which is 
due to the want of nervous stimulus. If the nostrils are 
swollen very badly, there is difficulty in breathing and if 
the animal is not able to take food, the symptoms are con- 
sidered very bad. The pulse varies much in some cases ; 
although the swelling is very great, the pulse may not be 
more than forty or fifty per minute. The temperature is 
elevated one to three degrees above normal, there may 
be a coughing and a brownish colored discharge from the 
nostrils. The mouth and eyes become affected and, to- 
gether with the discharge from the nose, the horse is a 
loathsome looking object. In milder cases the appetite 
is retained, or the animal may take food one day and the 
next refuse it. The bowels are constipated as a general 
thing in the first stages of the disease and the urine may 
be of a dark color, may even contain blood. There may 
be a peculiar dropsical swelling of these petechial spots 
or it may show itself in connection with the eyes and 
there may be blood extravasation without outer symp- 
toms. This disease may affect the bowels, liver, lungs, 
etc. The animal usually stands, perhaps from the diffi- 
culty in moving the limbs. It is necessary to watch the 



66 THE VETERINARIAN 

case closely for flies will attack him and he will be filled 
with maggots. Sloughing may take place; the entire 
sheath or patches upon the body may slough off and 
there may be paralysis of the penis. 

Treatment: Place the animal in a clean, light, com- 
fortable stall. If the weather is cold, blanket. The fol- 
lowing medicine is recommended because of its particular 
effect on the blood in this disease : Chlorate of Potash, 
eight ounces ; Iodide of Potash, eight ounces ; Quinine 
Sulphate, eight ounces. Make into thirty-two capsules 
and give one capsule every six hours. Also administer 
one ounce capsules filled with Spirits of Turpentine three 
or four times a day. Moisten the capsules with Sweet 
Oil and give with capsule gun. Feed hot bran mashes 
containing two or three ounces of pure Flaxseed meal. 
Also, feed vegetables, green grass, if possible. 



QUITTOR 

(Fistula of the Foot) 

Cause: Injuries. Horses working on rough stony 
roads are subject to punctures, pricks, bruises, corns, 
treads, etc., which end in pus formation which does not 
get a pendant opening and destroys the tissues with which 
it comes in contact. Finally it bursts, forms sinuses and 
pipes, as commonly called, at the top of the hoof. 

Symptoms: Extreme lameness, heat, pain and swell- 
ing will show themselves about the top of the hoof. As 
a rule a Quittor develops slowly and is more or less pain- 
ful during the first stages. After the sinus is formed and 
the pus discharges, the inflammation generally subsides. 
Its healing process is often delayed due to the diseased 
j)ortion of the cartilages inside the horny hoof. 

Treatment : Apply Flaxseed or hot Bran poultices to 
relieve the inflammation and hasten the formation of 
sinuses or pipes. Then with an ordinary syringe inject 
the following: Silver Nitrate, ten grains; Water, one 
ounce. Inject fifteen to twenty drops twice daily. Keep 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 67 

the food clean and the animal as quiet as possible. It is 
very disagreeable, as stated before, and the healing is 
very slow, but this must be naturally expected, as we are 
unable to provide the sinuses with good drainage. 



RED WORM 

(Strongylus Tetr acanthus) 

The Red Worm varies in length from one-third to three 
and one-quarter inches, and is sometimes white though 
it usually appears to be red because of the blood it con- 
tains. This parasite is found in all parts of the world. 
Its favorite haunt is marshy land. 

Symptoms: Paleness of all visible membranes, eyes 
watery and inflamed, swelling of the sheath, legs, and 
lower surface of the belly; fetid diarrhoea, dullness, de- 
bility, emaciation, rough coat, and the presence of worms 
in the feces. The worms when first passed are bright 
red in color but after being exposed to the air they turn 
dark and may easily escape the notice of the casual ob- 
server. 

Treatment : Withhold all food for twenty-four hours, 
then place the following drugs in a gelatin capsule : Cal- 
omel, two drams, Barbadoes Aloes, three drams; Ferri 
Sulphate, two drams. Give with capsule gun. Also 
place the following tonic in their feed: Pulv. Quassia, 
one ounce; Ferri Sulphate, two ounces ; Pulv. Anise Seed, 
two ounces. Mix and make sixteen powders. Give one 
powder two or three times a day in the feed. 



RHEUMATISM 

Cause : Exposure to cold rains, drafts, lying on damp 
ground when the blood is in poor condition. Also due to 
over-stimulating food. 

Symptoms : Lameness, swelling or soreness which may 
shift from one place to another, then finally locate in or 
near one of the joints of the limbs. 

Treatment: Take away all grains and feed laxative 



68 THE VETERINARIAN 

foods such as potatoes, carrots, apples, kale and good 
hay. If the weather is warm turn out to pasture, but 
confine in warm stable at night. It is advisable to give 
a physic, as Aloin, two drams; Gentian, one dram; Gin- 
ger, one dram. Place in gelatin capsule and give at one 
dose with capsule gun, as its action on the blood has a 
very good effect. When the swellings are painful, apply 
Camphorated Liniment once or twice daily. Also, ad- 
minister the following tonic : Potassi Iodide, one ounce ; 
Nitrate of Potash, two ounces; Chlorate of Potash, two 
ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, one ounce; Ferri Sulphate, 
one ounce ; Pulv. Anise Seed, four ounces. Mix well and 
make into twenty powders. Give one powder three times 
a day in bran or place in capsule and give with capsule 

gun. 

RING BONE 

Cause : Faulty conformation — as a narrow or straight 
pastern joint is considered faulty. Be very careful in 
selecting a sire when breeding, as faulty conformation is 
hereditary. Ringbone may also result when young an- 
imals are put to work on hard roads or running in stony 
pastures sometimes produces Ringbone before the bones 
have become properly hardened. Other causes are in- 
jury to tendons or ligaments, bruised joints, blows, calk- 
ing, or picking up a nail. 

Symptoms: Lameness will manifest itself when the 
horse first starts out in the morning; this may become 
less noticeable or even disappear temporarily as the an- 
imal works. They gradually grow lamer and examina- 
tion will disclose an enlargement at or around the top of 
the hoof. This may appear in one or more feet, but 
the front feet are more often affected. 

Treatment: If the Ringbone is very much inflamed, 
reduce the heat by applying cold water or ice packs to 
the part. Clip off all hair from around the top of the 
hoof and rub in well for twenty minutes the following: 
Red Iodide of Mprcury, two drams; Pulv. Cantharides, 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 69 

two drams ; Turpentine, one dram ; Pine Tar, two drams, 
and mix in two ounces of Lard. This applied every two 
days for a week and repeat same treatment in two weeks. 
Keep the animal as quiet as possible as it assists in pro- 
ducing- a recovery. If the animal is comparatively young, 
recovery is certain, although the enlargement may never 

disappear. 

ROUND WORM 
(Ascaris Megalcephala) 

Besembles the Earth Worm somewhat in shape, yellow- 
ish-white in color, stiff and elastic. When full grown, it 
varies in length from six to sixteen inches. These worms 
are usually found in the small intestines, although they 
sometimes invade the stomach, and when numerous se- 
riously disturb the animal's health. 

Symptoms: The animal's general health is affected as 
is evident from the morbid state of his appetite, rough 
coat, pot-belly, liability to colic and slight diarrhoea. 
Some of these worms are often expelled with the feces. 
As they increase in number, they block up the small in- 
testines, giving rise to colic, and may in time kill the 
horse. They sometimes cause perforation of the bowels. 

Tkeatment : Withhold all food from eighteen to twen- 
ty-four hours, then administer the following: Ferri 
Sulphate, two drams; Antimony Tartrate, two drams; 
Pulv. Quassia, two drams. Place in gelatin capsule and 
give with capsule gun. Follow this from six to eight 
hours with Aloin, two drams; Ginger, two drams, and 
give as above directed. It is a good plan to repeat the 
above treatment in ten days to insure the removal of any 
worms which may have survived the first treatment. 



SCROTAL RUPTURE 

(Inguinal Hernia) 
Cause: Abnormal size of the upper ring through 
which a part of the intestines or its connecting mem- 
brane descends into and through the canal leading from 



70 THE VETERINARIAN 

the abdomen to the scrotal cavity. There is little danger 
of strangulation from this form of rupture which may 
occur at birth and disappear with age. A careful exam- 
ination should therefore be made of the scrotum before 
castration. 

Symptoms : In most cases, this condition is easily de- 
tected. The scrotum will be somewhat enlarged. Some- 
times the intestines will become strangulated and colicky 
symptoms appear. When a young male colt shows signs 
of colic, examine him for Scrotal Rupture. 

Treatment : The trouble usually disappears with age 
although in some cases it is well to operate. Where col- 
icky symptoms are present, roll the colt on its back, 
manipulating the scrotum. Diet carefully. 



SHOE BOIL 
(Capped Elbow) 

Cause : Injuries, bruises or pressure when lying on a 
rough floor. Sharp heeled shoes and kicks also have a 
tendency to produce it. 

Symptoms : A hot painful swelling of the Elbow joint 
when first noticed. When neglected, it takes on a white 
fibrous or callous growth. 

Treatment: First remove the cause. Do not lance 
the enlargement; let it come to a head of its own accord, 
by applying Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams; Pulv. 
Cantharides, three drams; Lard, two ounces. Mix well 
together and apply twice a week. When the swelling is 
hot and painful it is well to apply cold water or ice packs 
before applying the 'above mentioned prescription. 



SPLINTS 

Cause : This disease is chiefly produced by trotting or 
running on hard ground, etc. It is evident that horses 
with high knee action and heavy bodies are more liable 
to this disease. Jumping is also a common cause of 
splints, but the more accustomed a horse is to jumping 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 71 

the less liable lie is to throw splints, because practice 
teaches the animal to regulate his movements so as to 
more or "less diminish the disagreeable if not actually 
painful effect of concussion. 

Symptoms: A splint is detected by grasping the 
horse's leg with the fingers upon one side and the thumb 
upon the other, and tracing the inner and outer splint 
bones from their heads downward to their tapering ex- 
tremities. Any actual enlargement will at once arrest 
the hand ; any rising or irregularity will create suspicion 
and lead to close examination. Horses, especially young 
ones which have lately been put to work, not infrequently 
develop splints before any swelling appears. For this 
reason, in examining a case of obscure lameness, partic- 
ularly if the animal is young, do not fail to look for the 
sign of splint lameness, namely : that the lameness is ab- 
normally greater at a trot than at a walk and that the an- 
imal usually fails to bend the knees freely and grows 
worse with exercise. The last mentioned condition is 
also present with corns, but an examination of the foot 
will determine the question of their existence. In young 
horses splints are sometimes mistaken for coffin-joint 
lameness or navicular disease. To avoid this error, it 
should be remembered that, when brought on by navicular 
disease, the action of the limb improves with exercise; 
also that horses of five years of age or less very rarely 
suffer from coffin-joint disease. Some horses, owing to 
unusual development of the inner splint bones of the fore 
legs may appear to have splints, although careful ex- 
amination may prove both limbs to be free from any bony 
deposit. When deciding such a point, note if the two 
inner splint bones are of the same size. Any swelling 
perceptible in a limb recently affected with splint-lame- 
ness is usually attended by heat and pain. 

Treatment: If there is heat present, foment with 
hot or cold water; when heat has subsided, apply the fol- 
lowing ointment: Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams; 



72 



THE VETERINARIAN 




DISEASES OF THE HORSE 73 

Turpentine, twenty drops, and mix. Apply every forty- 
eight hours until three applications have been applied. 
Rub in for twenty minutes each time. 

During this treatment use the horse for slow work on 
soft roads, etc. As a rule the splints will not disappear at 
once, but will gradually. I may add that common splints 
are not considered an unsoundness. 



SPASMODIC COLIC 

Cause : Horses seem to be predisposed to this form of 
colic on account of the great length of their intestines 
which are apt to be telescoped, twisted or their circular 
muscular fibers spasmodically contracted. Perhaps the 
principal cause is a change of food, sudden change of 
temperature, constipation, drinking cold or too large a 
quantity of water, especially if the animal is warm ; over- 
loading the stomach with frozen or mouldy food. Worms 
frequently produce colic. 

Symptoms : If the animal is tied it will become uneasy, 
paw, point its nose to the flank, twitch the tail, lie down 
and get up frequently. If the animal is loose it will walk 
around, paw, kick at its belly with the hind feet, make 
attempts to lie down, roll on its back and remain in that 
position for a while. The pulse increases with the pain, 
temperature rises from one-half to one degree, breathing 
labored and fast, the animal sweats in spots, there may 
be diarrhoea present, but this does not frequently occur. 

Unfavorable symptoms of spasmodic colic are cold 
legs to the feet, point of the ears cold, trembling of the 
muscles, cold sweats, mucous membranes of the nose, 
mouth and eyes have a dark color due to the congestion. 

Treatment : In all cases of spasmodic colic, except 
where there is diarrhoea present or mares heavily in foal, 
give Aloin, two drams; Ginger, two drams. Place in 
gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. It is advisa- 
ble to giye rectal injection of Warm Water and Glycerine. 
They are soothing and cooling to the intestinal canal. 



74 THE VETERINARIAN 

Also give the following prescription : Pulv. Nux Vomica, 
four ounces; Carbonate of Ammonia, four ounces; Asa- 
foetida, four ounces. Make into six powders ; place one 
powder in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun 
every two hours until relieved. The former prescription 
removes the cause as it is a physic. The latter contains 
medicines blended so as to counteract the spasmodic con- 
tractions of the bowels. It is also a heart stimulant, 
just what is needed in colic to keep up the animal's 
vitality. Beware of colic remedies that are given in drop 
doses. They contain drugs to only relieve the pain and 
not remove the cause. When their effects are worn off, 
the disease has progressed; the animal's heart action 
has been weakened and chances are that the animal will 
die. If drenching is resorted to, it must be done with 
great precaution. Remember a horse cannot breathe 

through his mouth. 

SIDE BONES 

Cause: The chief causes of Side Bones are: Depri- 
vation of frog pressure, injuries, high heeled shoes, the 
use of which is almost entirely confined to draft horses. 
A high-heeled shoe prevents the frog from resting on 
the ground which is its natural support. 

Symptoms : Enlargement just above the hoof, usually 
affecting the front feet, or may affect only one side of 
one of the feet. The pain which produces the lameness 
is due to pressure on the soft tissues between the newly 
formed side bone and the hoof. Sometimes the enlarge- 
ment has a tendency to spread the hoof. In such a case 
the lameness is not so severe. 

Treatment : Clip the hair from over the Side Bone 
and rasp the foot below the enlargement, so that the hoof 
will be flexible on pressure from the fingers. Then apply 
the following to both the enlargement and the rasped 
surface on the hoof : Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams ; 
Pulv. Cantharides, four drams. Mix well in two ounces 
of Lard and apply every forty-eight hours until three 
applications have been applied. 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 75 

If you must work the animal, put it to some easy work 
where it has soft ground to walk upon. 



STAGGERS 

(Forage Poisoning — Inflammation of the Brain) 

(Cerebral Meningitis) 

Cause : Certain plants or stagnant water are most 
commonly instrumental in producing staggers ; fre- 
quently seen in the early autumn months when the grass 
in the pastures becomes dry and certain forage remains 
green which contains toxic principles. These plants are 
ravenously eaten by horses on account of being green and 
tender. This is one of the common causes of the disease, 
although mouldy, indigestible or highly nitrogenous foods 
are frequently producers of staggers. This form of stag- 
gers is not contagious, although what produces staggers 
in one horse will also produce it in another. In this way 
several horses may become affected with staggers at the 
same time. Inflammation of the brain may occur as a 
complication of some infectious or digestive disease. 
Other causes are blows to the head, tumors in or on the 
brain, which cause the animal to naturally stagger, as 
the brain controls the horse's organs of locomotion. 

Symptoms: Vary to a certain extent, but a careful 
observer will detect some trouble connected with the 
nervous system, as the animal walking unsteadily, step- 
ping high and keeping the legs spread apart, bracing it- 
self to keep from falling. There is also great depres- 
sion, as dullness and sleepiness with little or no inclina- 
tion to move about. The head may be placed against a 
wall or fence and the legs kept moving as if the horse 
were trying to walk. As the disease progresses and no 
attempts are made to relieve it, they will become frac- 
tious, nervous, easily excited, pawing and eventually fall, 
keeping* the feet moving as if walking, throwing their 
heads about in a delirious manner and eventually death 



76 THE VETERINARIAN 

follows. The horse as a rule eats and drinks ravenously 
when the first signs of staggers are noticed, but in its 
latter stages the tongue and gullet become paralyzed and 
although the animal attempts to eat and drink he can- 
not swallow. The pulse varies. It is strong, but sub- 
normal when the first symptoms of staggers are noticed, 
that is to say, it is as slow as twenty to twenty-five 
beats per minute. As the disease progresses, however, 
it becomes weaker and faster. Constipation frequently 
accompanies this disease, also .paleness tinged with yel- 
low about the mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes. 
In many instances I believe that the poisonous forage 
eaten by horses depresses the heart action to such an ex- 
tent that it results in the brain not receiving the proper 
blood supply, causing dizziness or staggers. 

Treatment: Place the animal in a clean, dark stall, 
keeping the surroundings as quiet as possible. In its 
first stages it is easily treated, but as the horse becomes 
easily excited and his swallowing becomes difficult, treat- 
ment becomes more difficult. When the first signs are 
noticed, administer a physic as : Aloin, two or three 
drams ; Ginger, two or three drams, according to the size 
of the animal. Place in gelatin capsule and give with 
capsule gun. This physic removes the irritant from the 
intestines and prevents its absorption into the blood. 
Also administer the following: Bromide of Potassium, 
twelve ounces ; Nitrate of Potash, four ounces ; Iodide of 
Potash, three ounces. Make into twenty-four capsules 
and give one capsule every four hours. 

My method of administering medicine to animals places 
me in a position to treat them and compel them to take 
the medicine even though paralysis may exist. When 
animals will eat, feed food that is easily digested, as hot 
wheat bran mashes, steamed rolled oats and vegetables 
and give small quantities, but often, of clean fresh water. 
It is necessary to give stimulants and tonics as soon as 
they are on the road to recovery, as Pulv. Nux Vomica, 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 77 

four ounces ; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces ; Sulphate 
of Iron, two ounces. Make into sixteen capsules and give 
one capsule three times daily. 



STIFLE JOINT LAMENESS 

(Dislocation of the Patella) 

Although dislocations are infrequent, this is the most 
common form which occurs in the horse. 

Cause: Young loose jointed horses are predisposed 
to dislocation of the stifle on account of the comparative 
want of strength of their ligaments. They are much 
more liable to this accident than older horses, especially 
if they are in poor health or in rough hilly pastures ; the 
nature of which would naturally make them susceptible 
to this injury, which, however, may take place as a result 
of accident at any age. Young horses that suffer, off 
and on from dislocation, often lose their liability with 
increasing strength and age. This dislocation may be 
partial or complete. In the former instance and the most 
common is where the patella, or the little stifle bone that 
glides in the groove composed of the lower hip and upper 
thigh bones, has become partially dislocated or removed 
from its natural position. 

Symptoms: When the dislocation is complete the af- 
fected limb is drawn forward, while the foot from the 
pastern down is drawn backward, and the animal may 
throw weight on it when made to move, which is accom- 
plished with great difficulty. When the dislocation is 
partial, the symptoms are about the same as mentioned, 
only the limb is less rigid. If the horse is moved, the 
stifle makes a klick sound. In this form, you may have 
both limbs affected. 

Treatment: In partial dislocation, the stifle bone 
may be replaced by drawing the leg forward, and with 
the hand pressing in on the stifle. In complete disloca- 
tion, tie a rope around the pastern of the affected leg, 
then draw the rope through a collar placed around the 



78 THE VETERINARIAN 

horse's neck and draw forward as far as possible and 
tie. Then press with both hands inward. After the 
stifle is placed back into position use the following lini- 
ment: Aqua Ammonia Fort., four ounces; Oil of Tur- 
pentine, four ounces ; Raw Linseed Oil, four ounces. Mix 
and apply well over the stifle joint once or twice a day for 
two or three days. Feed nourishing food and put the 
animal to slow, easy work or turn out to good pasture. 

In old chronic cases of Stifle Joint Lameness, treat- 
ment is of no value, therefore, care for the* animal as 
soon as the catch in the walk or lameness appears. 



STRING-HALT 

Cause : Several theories have been put forth as to the 
cause of String-Halt which is generally supposed to be a 
nervous disease ; a condition opposite to paralysis. The 
exact cause of this disease is hard to determine, but it is 
likely to occur in highly nervous horses. It sometimes 
follows an injury which ma3^ have irritated the nerves 
in some way. I believe that castration causes it in many 
instances, due to the severe struggle when being thrown, 
or pulling down severely on the spermatic cord when re- 
moving the testicle. 

Symptoms: Spasmodic contraction of one or both 
limbs. This sign varies, as sometimes it is very violent, 
while in others it may be so slight that it is hard to detect 
when stepping the horse forward, but on backing or turn- 
ing the horse around the signs are easily noticed. All 
symptoms are better marked in the winter than in the 
summer, as some show it in the winter that do not show 
it in the summer at all. 

Treatment: Very unsuccessful, although an opera- 
tion proves beneficial in some cases, but if this is at- 
tempted, the services of a competent Veterinarian should 
be secured. 

The feeding of laxative foods that are easily digested 
relieves String-Halt in many instances. 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 79 

SORE THROAT 

(Pharyngitis — Laryngitis) 

Cause: Exposure to cold weather or rain when the 
animal is not accustomed to it ; drenching with irritating 
medicines or inhaling irritating smoke or gases. 

Symptoms: At first the animal generally chills, the 
legs and ears are cold, but eventually they become very 
warm as the temperature increases, coughing, grinding of 
the teeth, saliva oozing from the mouth; the animal will 
hold its head in a stiff straight position, moving it as little 
as possible. There will be great difficulty in masticating 
and swallowing, as the food will come from the mouth in 
the form of wads, and as this soreness of the throat pro- 
gresses food will also come from the nostrils. This is a 
bad sign, as extensive inflammation is no doubt present. 
Water, also, runs through the nostrils freely when the 
animal attempts to drink, due to the swollen condition of 
the throat. The animal forces the water back into the 
mouth, but is unable to swallow and hence the water 
gushes out through the nostrils. The animal evinces 
great pain when pressure is applied from the outside 
and he breathes with great difficulty. Although the 
pulse is not much affected at this stage, the temperature 
is elevated from one to two degrees above normal. The 
urine becomes scanty and highly colored, the eyes blood- 
shot and discharging. Eventually the throat becomes 
greatly swollen and abscesses may form and discharge. 
As a rule constipation is associated with this disease. 

Treatment : Mild attacks of sore throat are easily 
treated, but when serious cases develop, it is unsuccess- 
ful. Place the animal in a clean, comfortable stall ; per- 
mit as much fresh air as possible, but avoid all drafts. If 
the weather is chilly, blanket the animal, hand rub the 
legs and bandage with woolen cloths or bandage. Ad- 
minister a mixture made from Chlorate of Potash, three 
ounces; Nitrate of Potash, three ounces; Tannic Acid, 
one-half ounce; Molasses, one-half pint; Pine Tar, one- 



80 THE VETERINARIAN 

half pint. Mix well and place about one tablespoonful 
on the tongue every two hours in severe cases; in mild 
attacks, give less frequently. When they will eat, teed 
food that is easily digested, as hot wheat bran mashes and 
steamed rolled oats containing two or three ounces of 
pure ground flaxseed. It is always necessary to apply 
strong liniments to the throat, as they relieve inflamma- 
tion and stimulate the formation of an abscess. The fol- 
lowing liniment will be found very beneficial : Aqua Am- 
monia Fort., four ounces ; Oil of Turpentine, four ounces ; 
Sweet Oil, six ounces ; shake well and apply two or three 
times daily. If the swelling is extreme between the jaws, 
so as to interfere with the animal's breathing, it is well to 
lance the abscess if a soft spot can be found. Just cut 
through the skin with a knife ; then use a clean blunt in- 
strument to locate the pus cavity. Otherwise, severe 
hemorrhage may be produced. 



SURFEIT 

(Nettie-Rash — Urtecaria) 

Cause : The usual cause of Surfeit is supposed to be 
due to a character of food consumed which upsets the 
animal's digestive organs, the skin being continuous with 
the mucous membranes lining the intestinal canal. A dis- 
turbance of the one structure is readily communicated to 
the other. Apparently, owing to the extreme dry nature 
of the forage during the greater part of the year, horses 
in the United States frequently suffer from Surfeit. 

Symptoms: Surfeit is a term applied to an eruption 
of small irregular lumps or boils which are more or less 
painful to the touch and which break out suddenly as a 
rule on the horse's body and neck, and in rare cases on 
the legs. A favorite seat of Surfeit is the parts covered 
with the harness or saddle and along the neck and with- 
ers. Surfeit is very troublesome and annoys both the 
horse and driver, especially when the horse perspires, as 
he will rub violently when coming in contact with any 
object. 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 81 

Treatment : Give two to four ounces of Epsom Salts 
in hot wheat bran mashes every morning. Feed as much 
sloppy food as possible, vegetables, etc. Avoid feeding 
dry woody hay, as it irritates the intestines and aggra- 
vates the disease. 

SWEENEY 
(Atrophy) 

Cause: An ill fitting collar, one tug longer than the 
other, striking an object when pulling, like a stone or a 
corner of a building, slipping, kicks, or the animal may 
have a splint, sprain, ringbone, sidebone, coffin-joint 
lameness, curb, corns, stifle lameness, in fact anything 
that tends to make an animal favor the use of certain 
muscles. It is not a disease, just a lack in the develop- 
ment of the muscles, which waste away or shrink when 
not used as nature provided. For instance, perhaps you 
have had or have seen persons that had a fractured leg 
or arm and on account of not being able to use the leg or 
arm the muscles wasted away (Atrophy), until they were 
used normally for sometime, when the muscles again came 
back to their normal size. 

Symptoms : First locate the cause. The animal may 
be very lame although I have seen Sweeneys where lame- 
ness was very hard to detect, being those which were 
usually due to ill fitting collars. Remember you can have 
a Sweeney of the hip as well as the shoulder, and keep 
in mind the above mentioned causes. 

Treatment : When you have an animal affected with 
Sweeney, find the true cause and remove it if possible. 
Unless the Sweeney is an old chronic one, it is success- 
fully treated with Aqua Ammonia Fort., four ounces; 
Turpentine, four ounces; Sweet Oil, four ounces. Mix 
and apply well over wasted muscles once a day. If the 
application is too irritating, as some horses have thin- 
ner skins than others, it is advisable to add more Sweet 
Oil than above mentioned. 



82 THE VETERINARIAN 

TAPEWORM 
(Taenia) 
These worms have been found in the horse, but so 
rarely that they need not be considered. 



THOROUGHPIN 

Cause: Generally due to some irritation of the hock 
joint such as severe sprains from animal jumping, slip- 
ping, kick or falling through a culvert or bridge or it is 
frequently hereditary; so be very careful in choosing a 
sire when breeding. 

Symptoms: Sometimes there is lameness when the 
Thoroughpin is first noticed, but it will gradually disap- 
pear as soon as the inflammation ceases. There will be 
a puffy, soft enlargement which occurs at the upper and 
back part of the hock, beneath the great tendons. Gen- 
erally both sides are enlarged and puffy, but occasionally 
it happens, that one side is only involved. Thoroughpin 
is also a forerunner of Bog Spavin as they generally are 
connected, as you are aware that the hock contains joint 
oil as all other joints do, retained in place by a thin, white 
fibrous membrane. Irritation of the hock joint tends to 
develop an extra large quantity of joint oil, and the hock 
is less protected by tendons where a Thoroughpin or Bog 
Spavin occurs — hence those puffy swellings are filled 
with joint oil and are connected. If you press on one 
side of a Thoroughpin, you will see the other side bulge 
out. If you press on a Bog Spavin and there is a Thor- 
oughpin present, you will see it bulge on either side of 
the Thoroughpin— or vice versa. 

Treatment : If on an old horse and the Thoroughpin 
is of long standing, treatment is unsatisfactory, but on 
the other hand if the animal is young it can be success- 
fully treated with Tincture of Iodine, one ounce; Gum 
Camphor, two ounces ; Gasolene, one pint. Mix well and 
rub in with nail or tooth brush twice a week. Keep the 
animal as quiet as possible as the results will be accom- 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 83 

plished much sooner. Never attempt to open or lance a 
puffy swelling about a joint as it contains joint oil. The 
result would be an open joint. 



THRUSH 

Cause: The two main causes of Thrush are lack of 
pressure on the frog and the decomposing effect of filth 
and fermentation of organic matter which accumulates in 
the cleft of the frog. 

Symptoms: The animal in some cases is lame; there 
will be a swelling accompanied by a very fetid discharge ; 
in some cases the frog has practically rotted away ; there 
will be more or less inflammation in the foot. The legs 
may even swell. Thrush is more frequently found in the 
hind feet because of the manure and filth with which they 
must come in contact. 

Treatment : Cut away all loose pieces of horn from 
over the frog and apply a Flaxseed meal poultice and 
leave it on for twenty-four hours, after which wash well 
with Soap and warm water. Then apply Calomel to the 
groove in the frog. Keep the foot clean. Do not allow 
the animal to stand in filth. 



WIND COLIC 

(Flatulent Colic) 
Cause : This dangerous form of Colic is a distension 
of the bowels with gas, resulting generally from the de- 
composition of undigested food in the bowels. It some- 
times follows Spasmodic Colic, in which there is first 
spasms due to the irritations set up by the presence of 
undigested matter, and subsequently this food decom- 
poses and forms gas. I may conclude that Flatulent or 
Wind Colic is usually caused by errors in feeding and 
watering horses. Perhaps the animal has been given 
large quantities of rank grass, watery roots, which on 
account of its moist- nature is quickly swallowed without 
being properly masticated. 



84 THE VETERINARIAN 

Symptoms: The signs resemble those of Spasmodic 
Colic, except that they are less violent. In most cases 
there is general accumulation of gas, the abdomen dis- 
tended to a considerable size before the animal shows 
signs of uneasiness. In cases where the animal swells 
on the right side, it is the large intestines filled with 
gas. In other cases where both sides are equally swollen, 
the stomach and small intestines contain gas. The 
horse's back will have an arched appearance, passing of 
gas from the anus frequently, the horse will make at- 
tempts to vomit. In some cases actual vomiting takes 
place. This is a bad sign, as rupture of the stomach 
usually occurs at this stage. 

Treatment: Give Aloin, two drams; Ginger, two 
drams, in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. 
However, this is a physic and should not be given to 
mares heavily in foal. Also apply to the abdominal cav- 
ity, liniment consisting of Aqua Ammonia Fort., four 
ounces; Oil of Turpentine, four ounces; Sweet Oil, four 
ounces. Mix and rub in well over the abdomen. 

To mares heavy with foal, apply the above liniment 
and give rectal injections of Glycerine and warm water 
frequently. 

The following remedy should be administered to all 
cases of Colic, including mares heavy with foal: Aro- 
matic Spirits of Ammonia, six ounces; Turpentine, six 
ounces. Mix well together and place one ounce in gelatin 
capsule and give with capsule gun every hour. Punctur- 
ing the intestines is advisable in some cases to relieve 
them of gas. This requires a special instrument for the 
purpose and no one should attempt to perform the opera- 
tion unless they know the anatomy of the part, as the ar- 
teries of the intestines may be penetrated and produce 
internal hemorrhage or infection of the intestines, or 
abscesses may follow. 



DISEASES OF THE HORSE 85 

WIND GALLS 

Cause : By concussions from fast work on hard roads 
and from sprains from slipping. 

Symptoms: When concussions alone are responsible, 
the suspensory ligament and the back tendons will at first 
be in a normal condition, and the swelling will probably 
be confined to both the inside and outside of the leg, and 
may be felt in the form of a puffy swelling on each side 
of the fetlock by placing the fore finger and the thumb 
on the joint. In more serious cases resulting from 
sprains, the vacant space between the back tendons and 
the suspensory ligament may also become filled with 
fluids. In other words, a Wind Gall has formed. In some 
cases the animal may be lame. 

Treatment: When there is heat present apply cold, 
wet packs until the heat disappears. Then apply Tinc- 
ture of Iodine, one ounce; Gum Camphor, two ounces; 
to one pint of Gasolene. Apply every three days with 
nail or tooth brush. Shake contents of the bottle well 
each time before applying. 

I may add that this is a very difficult blemish to treat 
and is not always successful, so do not be discouraged if 
the enlargements do not disappear, but the above pre- 
scription has proven the most successful of any treat- 
ment I have personally used in my private practice. 



WOLF OR SUPERNUMERARY TEETH 
Wolf Teeth are comparatively small in size and have 
only one root and are found just in front of the upper 
molar teeth. Sometimes they do harm, but that is an 
exception and not the rule. They can be easily removed 
with a pair of small forceps or they may be punched out 
in some instances. 

I think they interfere with the eyes, causing them to 
become watery and inflamed due to the tooth exerting 
some influence upon the ophthalmic division of the fifth 
nerve. 



86 THE VETERINARIAN 

Supernumerary Teeth : Tooth substance may develop 
in almost any part of the body. These are called Super- 
numerary Teeth and are most commonly found in the 
testicles, ovaries and sinuses of the head, etc. 



WOUNDS 

Wounds caused by external injuries have a general re- 
semblance, and whether clean-cut, punctured, lacerated, 
poisonous, gunshot, etc., require practically the same 
treatment. 

Treatment : Wash with a Carbolic solution, one ta- 
blespoonful to one pint of distilled water. 

Sewing of Wounds : I cannot say that I am in favor 
of sewing wounds unless they are gaping or wide open. 

After the wound is washed, dust with Iodoform, Bo- 
racic Acid and Tannic Acid, each one ounce. Powder finely 
and place in a sifter top can and apply twice daily. 
Cord or heavy thread may be used for sewing the wound 
after being saturated in a Carbolic Acid solution, using 
a large darning needle. If the animal is vicious, place a 
twitch on his nose or it may be necessary to throw him. 



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DISEASES OF CATTLE 






Causes, Symptoms and 
Treatments 



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CHAPTER II 



ABSCESSES 

Cause : Bruises and injuries. They are also seen in 
complication with various other diseases, as Laryngitis, 
Pharyngitis, Tuberculosis, Lump Jaw, Blood Poison or 
Pyemia and Septicemia. 

Symptoms : Symptoms will vary according to the na- 
ture of the disease or injury. It may not be noticed at 
first, but upon careful examination swollen lines will be 
observed running from the point of swelling. In many 
cases a swelling is noticed which is hot, painful and 
throbbing, which enlarges rapidly in two or three days. 
The swelling and heat gradually disappear but the 
Abscess continues to grow. The hair falls from the 
point of swelling and in a short time breaks and dis- 
charges pus. The cavity gradually fills up and heals 
by granulation. 

Treatment : In all cases, hasten the ripening process 
as much as possible by applying hot water packs or hot 
bran, flaxseed or vegetable poultices. It is common with 
Veterinarians to lance an Abscess as soon as possible, 
but this requires considerable skill and practice and I 
would advise stock owners to be very cautious when 
performing this operation, as there is great danger of 
cutting arteries which would cause excessive bleeding. 
A very good plan is to encourage the full ripening of 
an Abscess, as above stated. When opened, do not 
squeeze the Abscess to any extent, but press gently with 
clean hands or cloth to remove the core or clot. After 
this, just simply keep the Abscess open by washing with 
a three per cent Carbolic Acid solution, or Bichloride of 
Mercury, one in one thousand solution. Hyposulphite 
of Soda in ounce doses should be given two or three 

89 



90 THE VETERINAEIAN 

times a day in their drinking water. This will prevent 
the absorption of impurities from the abscess into the 

blood circulation. 

ABORTION 
(Non-Contagious) 

Cause: Injuries from slipping or falling on icy 
roads, in box cars, and deep gutters; receiving blows 
on the body, keeping the animal in insanitary stables, 
eating poor food that may be irritating or poisonous, 
etc. In such cases, the cow's vitality is low so that the 
foetus dies and is expelled as a result. Losing large 
quantities of blood also produces Abortion, or a cow 
heavy with calf, on being placed in the same quarters 
with the cows that retain their afterbirth, is liable to 
abort. Intestinal worms, lung worms, liver flukes, caus- 
ing an excessive drain upon the system or producing 
irritation of the digestive organs, in consequence of 
which cow gets very poor and emaciated. The above 
mentioned are perhaps the most common causes of 
''Non-Contagious Abortion." 

Symptoms: The cow is uneasy, becomes separated 
from the herd, the bag and vagina may be slightly in- 
flamed and perhaps the latter discharging. If a cow 
heavy with calf craves the chewing and eating of dirt, 
rags, nails, etc., this is a sign of a lack of iron or phos- 
phorus in her system and food containing these elements 
should be provided. 

Preventive Treatment: Provide clean, warm, com- 
fortable quarters, good food, pure water to drink, do 
not subject her to any injuries, do not permit her com- 
ing in contact with cows retaining their afterbirth. 

The above mentioned is very important, especially if 
the cows are valuable and a large yield of milk is ex- 
pected. If they have worms, treat the same as under 
their special heading. If they have a loss of blood or 
a lack of mineral matter in their system, the following" 
is very efficient: Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, four ounces; 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 91 

Pulv. Nux Vomica, two ounces; Pulv. Fenugreek Seed, 
four ounces. Mix and make into sixteen powders. Give 
one powder two or three times a day in feed or place in 
a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. 



AMAUROSIS OF THE EYE 

Cause: Paralysis of the optic nerve. 

Symptoms: Pupil fully dilated and of a glassy ap- 
pearance. This condition is sometimes called "Glass 
Eye." The cow carries the head high and steps high. 
This condition is very uncommon in cattle. 

Treatment : Nothing can be done for a cow if she is 
blind, but this condition may be prevented if detected in 
its early stages of development by the proper feeding 
of nourishing food, good clean surroundings and the ad- 
ministration of nerve tonics, as Pulv. Nux Vomica, four 
ounces; Pulv. Gentian Eoot, four ounces; Potassium 
Iodide, three ounces. Make into twenty-four powders 
and place one powder in feed two or three times daily; 
or make into twenty-four capsules and give one capsule 
two or three times a day with capsule gun. 



ANTHRAX 

Anthrax is a very contagious disease and is com- 
municable to all warm blooded animals and man. 

Cause: Due to the presence of a germ called the 
Bacillus of Anthrax and is one of the oldest diseases 
attributed to germs. These Bacilli thrive in warm 
climates, although found in cold countries. The infec- 
tion is carried to various parts of the world by box-cars, 
ships, hides, hoofs, horns, wool and hair taken from sick 
or dead animals affected with Anthrax. This, perhaps, 
is the most common method of spreading the disease. 

Symptoms: Loss of appetite, grinding of the teeth 
indicating great pain, trembling of the muscles, tem- 
perature elevated to 104° or 106° F., breathing very 
rapid, pulse fast and weak, hair rough. There are some 



92 THE VETERINARIAN 

cases where the animals are seized quickly with the 
disease and die very suddenly. This form resembles 
apoplexy. Carbuncles or Abscesses are seen on the sur- 
face of the body in nearly all cases, also a bloody dis- 
charge from the mouth and nose. The animal may 
stamp the ground, rear in the air, run and finally go into 
convulsions and die. This is termed ''the furious form 
of Anthrax." 

Treatment: Prevention is the most important. 
Fields or pastures that are infected with this disease 
should be burned every summer if possible, to destroy 
the germs. The animals that succumb to the disease 
should be buried deeply and quicklime thrown upon 
them, also any blood stains upon the ground should have 
a strong disinfectant thrown upon them. The hide of 
such an animal should not be used as the person remov- 
ing it is likely to contract the same disease, especially 
if an abrasion is present on the hand, or such a hide or 
any portion thereof is likely to spread the infection after 
reaching the tannery, etc. 

Medical Treatment or Serum Treatment: This is 
the only thorough method of eradicating the disease, and 
when this disease once becomes prevalent in a locality 
the services of a competent Veterinarian should be se- 
cured and all the animals inoculated. 



BARRENNESS 

(Failure to Breed) 

Cause : Wasting or Atrophy, chronic inflammation of 
the mucous membrane lining the organs of generation, 
Whites, absence or excessive secretions of the organs 
of generation, contraction or displacement of the womb, 
horns being telescoped or twisted, cysts or growths of 
the ovaries, in-breeding or being a twin, are the predis- 
posing causes of Barrenness. 

Treatment : Unsuccessful as a rule. Unless the cow 
is very valuable, treatment is not advisable. A careful 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 93 

examination, however, is recommended. If due to con- 
traction of the neck of the womb it can be readily dilated 
by the use of the hand, after being greased with Car- 
bolated Sweet Oil before attempting to perform the oper- 
ation. 

BLACK LEG 

(Symptomatic Anthrax — Black Quarter) 
Cause: Due to germs. The Bacillus of Black Leg 
perhaps gains entrance to the blood by wounds of the 
skin or the mucous membranes lining the mouth and the 
intestines. This disease principally affects cattle, al- 
though sheep and goats may become affected with the 
same disease. 

Symptoms: This disease affects cattle that are in 
good condition between the ages of six months and two 
years. In most cases death is very sudden, and perhaps 
the animal is found dead. The first symptoms are high 
temperatures from 104° to 108° F., loss of appetite, the 
animal stops chewing the cud, breathing considerably 
hurried, the joints of the limbs become swollen, also the 
chest and shoulders. All the swellings are painful on 
pressure and spread very rapidly over the body. The 
affected animals move with great difficulty and lie down 
frequently. If the hand is passed over the body, there 
is a peculiar crackling sound due to the gas developing 
under the skin. At the most distended portions of the 
swellings, the skin becomes dry and the animal apparent- 
ly has no sense of feeling. If the skin is punctured at 
this place, there will be a dark-red, frothy discharge 
which has a very disagreeable odor. There will be a 
shivering of the muscles and the animal dies from con- 
vulsions. 

Teeatment: Remove non-affected animals to non-in- 
fected pastures, and confine affected animals to as small 
a territory as possible. The carcasses of the dead ani- 
mals should be buried deep and covered with lime or 
burned, being very careful that all blood stains on the 



94 THE VETERINARIAN 

ground where the animals have been skinned are 
thoroughly disinfected. Inoculation is necessary, and is 
the best form of treatment in localities where Black Leg 
exists. Inoculate or vaccinate the calves when six 
months old or over, although after the animal reaches 
the age of two years or over they generally become im- 
mune from this disease. 



BLEEDING 

(Hemorrhage) 

Cause: Sometimes bleeding follows dehorning, cas- 
tration, and wounds due to various other causes. 

Treatment : When bleeding from a large artery, it 
should be tied with a clean silk or linen thread or twisted 
wi4;h a pair of forceps or cauterized with a hot iron. 
Sometimes compression by the use of tightly bound 
bandages proves effective, although the former appli- 
ances are more practical. Tincture Chloride of Iron ap- 
plied to small arteries or veins causes the blood to clot 
in the arteries or veins and hence stops the Hemorrhage. 
It is very essential that all wounds should be treated 
antiseptically and I cannot say that I favor washing a 
wound with water only in cases where the wound is very 
filthy, and I prefer powder applications in preference to 
any other antiseptics. The following mil be found very 
effective in the treatment of the majority of wounds: 
Boracic Acid, two ounces; Iodoform, two drams; Tan- 
nic Acid, one-half ounce ; Calomel, one dram. Powder 
finely and mix well. Place in sifter top can and apply 
two or three times dailv. 



BLOATING 

A very common disorder in cattle and characterized 
by a puffed up appearance of the left flank. The cow 
has four stomachs of which the rumen is the largest, 
its capacity being about fifty gallons in the average cow, 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 95 

and it is this stomach which fills with gas when a cow 
bloats. 

Cause: Eating green clover or alfalfa; even when a 
cow is accustomed to this diet, it may cause bloating if 
wet with dew or rain; cured alfalfa, moldy or frozen 
mangles will also produce bloating; the above mentioned 
foods undergo a process of fermentation which causes 
excessive formation of gas, and death may result very 
quickly and may be due to rupture of the stomach or the 
diaphragm (muscle separating the abdominal and lung 
cavities), but is more often due to suffocation caused 
by the distension of the stomach which becomes so large 
that it presses the diaphragm forward against the lungs 
in such a manner as to stop their movement and the ani- 
mal smothers. When the cow falls, it indicates that one 
of these possibilities has occurred and death follows 
quickly. 

Symptoms: Cattle usually bloat suddenly and with- 
out warning ; the left flank becomes abnormally swollen ; 
back is arched, breathing labored ; sometimes the tongue 
hangs out and the animal bellows. When rupture or 
suffocation occurs the animal reels, staggers, and falls, 
after which nothing more can be done. 

Treatment: No time should be lost. Where the 
stomach is enormously distended with gas so as to cause 
the animals to stagger and breathe very rapidly, they 
should be gagged. This can be easily accomplished by 
taking a piece of wood about two inches in diameter, and 
eight inches to one foot long, placing it in their mouth 
and retaining it in that position by tying a string on each 
end and placing it back of the ears. If this does not give 
relief immediately, puncture the left flank about five 
inches downward and forward from the angle of hip bone. 
However, puncturing should not be resorted to only in 
cases where death threatens the animal, as abscesses, 
infection and severe hemorrhage may follow. A very 
reliable medical treatment for this condition should be 



96 THE VETERINABIAN 

in the medicine chest of every stockman, such as Pulv. 
Asafetida, Oil of Turpentine, each one ounce. Place in 
gelatin capsules. This is a very efficient remedy for the 
eradication of excessive fermentation of gases in the 
stomach or bloating. 

BLOOD POISON 

(Pyemia — Septicaemia) 

Cause : Due to a septic infection taken into the blood, 
frequently found in cows with retained afterbirths, fol- 
lowing inflammation of the womb or intestines, wounds 
and bruises of the skin and frequently found in calves 
affected with Joint 111. 

Symptoms: High temperature 103° to 107° F., pulse 
rapid and feeble, breathing increased, grinding of the 
teeth, the animal refuses to eat in most cases and ceases 
to chew the cud, although there may be great thirst 
present. Abscesses may form in various parts of the 
body, the membranes of the eyes and mouth will be in- 
jected with blood, giving them a dark-red appearance, 
although in the latter stages of Blood Poison this may 
change to a yellowish tinge. Constipation or Diarrhoea 
may be connected with the disease. The animal dies by 
general emaciation from four to six days after the first 
symptoms are noticed. 

Treatment : Unsuccessful, as when the infection once 
becomes absorbed in the blood it is always certain that 
death will follow. If due to injuries or wounds, wash 
them with Bichloride solution, one part to one thousand 
parts of water, but if due to retained afterbirth or in- 
flammation of the womb, inject one gallon of distilled 
water containing five per cent Carbolic Acid. If in young 
calves, treat the same as under the heading of Joint 111. 
If due to inflammation of the intestines, give Hyposul- 
phite of Soda, two ounces; Potassi Iodide, one dram, 
two or three times a day in their drinking water. "When 
abscesses form, lance them with a clean, sharp knife. If 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 97 

the animal is constipated place two drams of Aloin, two 
drams of Pulv. Gentian Eoot in a capsule and give with 
capsule gun. If Diarrhoea is present give Gum Catechu, 
two drams ; Protan, three drams ; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, 
one grain. Place in gelatin capsule and give with cap- 
sule gun. Feed warm wheat bran mashes, steamed 
rolled oats, vegetables and green grass, if possible. 



BLOODY FLUX 

(Dysentery) 

Cause: Chilling of the outer surface of the body. 
Improper feeding, as contaminated food or water, some- 
times connected with parasitic diseases of the intestines. 

Symptoms : Dysentery is a sign of some irritation of 
the intestines terminating into increased contractions of 
muscular fibers of the bowels. The fecal matter, if fre- 
quently expelled, at first consists of a thick feces, but 
as the disease progresses the fecal matter becomes very 
thin and watery and tinged with blood and very of- 
fensive. When the first signs are noticed the animals 
show no constitutional disturbances, but later they ex- 
hibit abdominal pain by looking around to the flank. At 
this stage they are very weak, throwing the feet well to- 
gether, giving the back an arched appearance, and are 
very uneasy although they may lie down frequently. 
Temperature elevated from one to three degrees. The 
animal becomes emaciated and eventually dies. 

Treatment: Determine the cause and remove it if 
possible. Keep the animal quiet. Give pure water to 
drink in small quantities but often. If the animal will 
eat, feed steamed rolled oats, etc. Flaxseed tea is very 
beneficial, as it is soothing to the intestines and assists 
in removing the irritations. Pour one quart of boiling 
water on one-half pint of pure Flaxseed, allowing it to 
cool, then compel the animal to drink it. The follow- 
ing prescription will be found very effective in all forms 



98 



THE VETERINARIAN 



of Diarrhoea: Tannic Acid, one ounce; Protan, two 
ounces ; Gum Catechu, two ounces ; Beechwood Creosote, 
four scruples; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, eight grains. 
Make into eight capsules and give one capsule every 
three or four hours with capsule gun. 




Dairy Herd at Oaklawn Farm, Wayne, Ills. (Dunhams.) 
BLOODY MILK 

Cause : Bloody Milk may be the result of injury, con- 
gestion, inflammation of the udcler. Feeding on rich 
milk-producing food suddenly may produce it. Bloody 
Milk is also produced in a cow by excitement when in 
heat or from eating resinous plants or shrubs. 

Teeatment : It is advisable in most cases to give a 
physic consisting of two drams of Aloin and Ginger 
two drams. Also administer Potassium Nitrate, four 
ounces ; Potassium Chlorate, two ounces, made into eight 
capsules and give one capsule twice daily with capsule 
gun. If due to rich food, reduce it. If due to eating 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 99 

resinous plants, remove them from the pasture contain- 
ing such shrubbery. Where congestion or inflammation 
of the bag is thought to produce it, apply Hot Water 
Packs, then dry and apply Blue Ointment and Cam- 
phorated Ointment, equal parts, two ounces. Mix well 
and rub on thoroughly two or three times a day. 



BLUE MILK 

Cause : This condition is due to a germ (the Bacillus 
Cyanogenes) which may occur in rich milk or cream 
immediately after being drawn or the germ may find 
its way into the opening of the teat. 

Treatment : Injections into the teat of a solution 
composed of the following: Hyposulphite of Soda, two 
drams ; Boracic Acid, one dram, dissolved in one pint of 
boiling water. Permit to cool and inject a small quan- 
tity in each teat once or twice a day for three or four 
days. This will destroy the Blue Milk producing germ 
without any injuries to the cow, udder or teats. 



BRONCHITIS 

Cause: Inhaling irritating gases or foreign bodies. 
It is commonly seen after drenching from liquid escap- 
ing into the windpipe instead of going down the gullet. 
Animals exposed to cold, wet weather when not accus- 
tomed to it frequently develop Bronchitis. 

Symptoms: Loss of appetite, chilling, temperature 
elevated two or three degrees above normal, ears and 
legs cold, nose hot and dry, breathing short and labored, 
painful coughing, slight discharge from the nostrils and 
saliva oozing from the mouth. If the ear is placed 
over the lower portion of the neck, a crepitating sound 
can be heard. 

Treatment : Place the animal in a clean, comfortable 
stall where there is pure air and light but no drafts. 
Clothe the body if the weather is cold. Hand rub the 
legs and bandage with woolen cloths. Give inhalations 



100 THE VETERINARIAN 

of steam from Hot Water and Pine Tar for twenty min- 
utes two or three times a day. Also administer Nux 
Vomica, four ounces; Ginger, four ounces; Nitrate of 
Potash, four ounces. Make into sixteen capsules and 
give one capsule every four hours. Applications of the 
following liniment are of some value : Aqua Ammonia 
Fort., three ounces; Oil of Turpentine, three ounces; 
Sweet Oil, six ounces. Apply over the region of the 
windpipe the full length of the neck. 



CALF SCOURS 

(Cholera — White Scours — Bloody Flux) 
Cause : It is produced by a specific germ and is com- 
municated by direct or indirect contact with the germ 
which may gain entrance into the blood by the umbilical 
cord at or shortly after birth or through the digestive 
canal by drinking milk or eating food contaminated 
with the disease-producing germ. The more common 
means of spreading the disease is through pails, drink- 
ing troughs, etc. 

Symptoms: One of the most deadly forms of Diar- 
rhoea. This usually appears a few days after birth, al- 
though in some cases it takes several days for it to de- 
velop. Every sign of Diarrhoea is present, as frequent 
passages of feces of a yellowish-white color, frothy and 
very offensive in odor. The calf is very dull, weak, back 
arched, hair rough, eyes glassy and sunken back in their 
sockets, belly retracted, breathing short and fast. The 
calf finally lies flat on the side, head resting on the floor 
or ground with a temperature generally below normal. 
The calf finally becomes unconscious and death follows. 
Treatment : Give Protan, three ounces ; Zinc Sulpho- 
carbolates, eight grains; Gum Catechu, powdered, two 
ounces; Ginger, one ounce; Beechwood Creosote, one 
dram. Make into eight capsules and give one capsule 
every two hours until relieved. "When the calf will take 
its feed, if not nursing its mother, see that the milk is 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 101 

pure and the utensil containing it thoroughly scalded 
with hot water. Keep the animal in clean, sanitary 
quarters, as quiet as possible for a few days, and if the 
disease is not too far advanced a good recovery will 
follow. 

CALVING 

Signs of Normal Calving are firmness and enlargement 
of the udder, extending well forward following the milk 
veins. The teats as a rule discharge a thin milky fluid, 
relaxation of the muscles on each side of the croup or 
the base of the tail. The outer surface of the womb be- 
comes swollen and inflamed, discharging sticky, stringy, 
transparent mucus. The cow becomes uneasy, stops eat- 
ing, and if in a pasture becomes separated from the rest 
of the herd ; will lie down and get up alternately as if in 
great agony. When birth pains start, the back is arched, 
and a severe straining follows the contraction of the 
abdominal muscles. The membranes covering the foetus 
will be the first to make their appearance, engorged witli 
a fluid from the womb. This is commonly known as the 
water bag, w T hich eventually bursts and the two fore feet 
can be seen, and, as the animal continues to strain, the 
nose and head will be next to be seen. When the calf's 
shoulders are exposed, the cow as a rule rises suddenly 
to her feet and the entire calf is expelled, also the mem- 
branes surrounding it, but the membranes next. to the 
womb, as a general rule, remain longer and sometimes 
require artificial assistance to remove them. (See Re- 
tention of the Afterbirth.) Destroy the foetal mem- 
branes by burning or burying them deeply. Do not per- 
mit the cow to eat them. Wash the calf's navel with 
Bichloride of Mercury, one part to one thousand parts 
water, once or twice a day until the navel is thoroughly 
dry, as an infection may follow, producing Joint 111 or 
Scours, from which death may result. 

Abnormal Calving: This is a condition where the 



102 THE VETERINARIAN 

foetus is not normally presented, as that just described. 
Their feet may be presented in a normal manner, but 
the head and neck twisted back or to one side, or the 
head and one fore foot may be presented normally, while 
the other fore foot is doubled back, or there may be a 
breech presentation as the rump of a foetus with both 
hind feet thrown close to its body. This is a very diffi- 
cult presentation, especially if in a young animal. A 
foetus abnormally presented requires good judgment 
and cleanliness, also lubrication of the walls of the womb 
with unsalted Lard, Cotton or Sweet Oil. Endeavor to 
place the foetus in as near a normal position as possi- 
ble before any force is used in its delivery, although 
where both hind feet are presented, it is advisable to re- 
move it in this position. The hands and ropes should be 
clean and washed with a five per cent solution of Carbolic 
Acid. It is not only dangerous to the animal, but to the 
operator as well, if proper antiseptic precautions are not 
practiced. 

Space does not permit me going into details on various 
foetal presentations nor does it permit me to explain the 
exact methods or operations I would use in each par- 
ticular case. Nevertheless, good judgment and cleanli- 
ness are important. Do not hurry. Take your time, and 
you will be successful in most cases. 

When the foetus is removed, and the afterbirth does 
not come away within twelve or eighteen hours, remove 
it. (See Retention of Afterbirth, which will describe its 
means of attachment and its removal.) 



CASTING THE WITHERS 

(Eversion of the Womb) 
Cause: Failure of the womb to contract after Calv- 
ing. If the womb contracts naturally and the afterbirth 
expelled, the cavity of the womb is nearly closed and 
the neck of the womb becomes so narrow that the hand 
cannot be inserted. When the womb fails to contract, 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 103 

one or both horns of the womb become so relaxed that 
they fall into the cavity causing straining and contraction 
of the abdominal muscles, forcing the womb out grad- 
ually until the organ is turned inside out. The womb 
can be easily distinguished from the other membranes 
on account of the presence of sixty to eighty mushroom- 
like bodies (cotyledons) two to four inches in diameter 
attached to the walls of the womb by a narrow neck. 
The womb when hanging out becomes engorged with 
blood and inflamed until it is as large as a grain sack, 
very dark in color, tears and bleeds with the slightest 
touch. Later it becomes lacerated and gangrenous. 

Symptoms: At first, the general health is not very 
much interfered with, but the inflammation which is 
marked by an elevation in temperature becomes very 
noticeable, accompanied by severe straining and exhaus- 
tion. The animal lies down, but continues to strain until 
death, unless relief is afforded the animal at once. 

Treatment: Great care must be exercised. The 
parts of the womb coming in contact with the cow's hips, 
tail or floors must be thoroughly washed with a five per 
cent solution of Carbolic Acid, using a soft cloth or 
sponge to remove dirt, clots, etc. Place the cow in a posi- 
tion so as to have her hind quarters much higher than 
the head, and then endeavor to replace the womb. After 
washing as stated above, bandage the tail with a clean 
cloth ; have an assistant hold up the womb and the opera- 
tor use gentle manipulation and pressure with clean 
hands ; this perhaps is the best method of replacing the 
womb. Then follow by flushing out the womb with a 
weak Carbolic Acid solution and hike warm water. This 
has a tendency to straighten out the horns of the uterus 
and prevent infection. If the cow continues to strain, 
give Potassium Bromide in ounce doses every two or 
three hours in her drinking water, or place in capsule 
and give with capsule gun. 

Sometimes stimulants and tonics are necessary and 



104 THE VETERINARIAN 

the following will be found very effective : Pulv. Nux 
Vomica, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces; 
Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, four ounces. Make into sixteen 
capsules and give one capsule every six hours with cap- 
sule gun. 

It is well to compel the animal to stand or lie with 
the hind parts elevated, until the signs of straining have 

ceased. 

CATARACT OF THE EYE 

Cause : Is due to deep seated inflammation of the eye 
produced by an injury or weakened condition of the optic 
nerve. 

Symptoms: If the pupil of one of the eyes appears 
larger than the other it is well to make a careful ex- 
amination, as this is the first sign of Cataract. If such 
a condition is neglected, partial or complete blindness 
will follow and a white, pearly deposit can be seen on 
the lens of the eye. 

Treatment : Very unsatisfactory unless treated care- 
fully when the first signs are noticed. Place the animal 
in a darkened stable. Feed clean, sloppy food and it 
may be necessary to give a physic consisting of two 
drams of Aloin, two drams of Pulv. Ginger, placed in a 
capsule and given with capsule gun. The following oint- 
ment, Yellow Oxide of Mercury, four grains; Lanolin, 
one ounce, should be mixed well and applied to the eye 
two or three times a day. 



CATARRH 

Cause : 111 ventilated stables, inhalations of irritating 
gases or sudden exposure to cold, wet weather, after 
being accustomed to warm stables. Most commonly seen 
in the Spring or Fall. 

Symptoms : Chilling and temperature elevated one or 
two degrees, pulse not much affected, breathing hurried 
to some extent, sneezing, coughing, dullness and the ap- 
petite is slightly impaired. In the first stages the nos- 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 105 

trils are very dry and considerably inflamed, but in the 
course of a few days the fever subsides and a profuse 
discharge from the nose is observed. 

Treatment: Place the animal in dry, well ventilated 
stall, blanket well and supply a good quality and quantity 
of bedding. Give inhalations from steam and hot water 
and Pine Tar. If the animal is constipated, give rectal 
injections of Soap and Warm Water two or three times a 
day. Also administer Potassium Nitrate, Pulv. Nux 
Vomica, each four ounces; Capsicum, two ounces, and 
Pulv. Ginger two ounces. Make into twenty-four cap- 
sules and give one capsule three or four times a day. This 
should not be neglected, as neglected Catarrh is liable to 
be followed by Laryngitis, Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Pleu- 
risy or other diseases of the organs of breathing, which 
are very serious and sometimes cause the death of the 
animal. 

CHAPPED TEATS 

Cause : Anything that tends to irritate them. A sud- 
den chilling of the teat in cold weather after the calf 
has just let it go, or after the operation of milking with 
wet hands or from an animal wading through deep water 
or tall wet grass. Also filth or irritants coming in con- 
tact with teats when lying down. 

Treatment: Remove the cause if possible and dry 
the teats well after each milking and apply Zinc Oxide 
ointment. Feed laxative food that is easily digested, 
as it has a very good effect on the blood, consequently 
it promotes the healing of wounds. 



CHOKING 

(Obstruction of the Esophagus) 
Cause: An obstruction of the Esophagus (gullet) pro- 
duced by an animal attempting to swallow apples, pota- 
toes, roots, dry grain, etc. 

Symptoms: A stringy discharge of saliva from the 



106 THE VETERINARIAN 

mouth, violent coughing, wrenching of the head and neck. 
The animal will bloat very quickly if the Esophagus or 
gullet is completely obstructed. 

Treatment: The obstruction as a rule is easily lo- 
cated, and as quickly as possible withdraw the obstruc- 
tion by inserting the hand and extracting the object. Do 
not attempt to push the object down into the stomach, 
except as a last resort, as there is a great deal of danger 
of rupturing the Esophagus or gullet. Push the object 
upward by gentle manipulation from the outside. If this 
fails, a smooth piece of hose about eight or nine feet long, 
well greased with Lard, Butter or Oil, should be passed 
down the Esophagus or gullet. A block of wood about 
two inches in diameter with a hole bored through the 
center just a little larger than the hose, placed in the 
mouth, will prevent the animal from biting the hose, and 
make the operation easier. 

When the animal is bloated severely, puncture with a 
knife about four or five inches from the point of the hip 
downward and forward. 



CHRONIC DYSENTERY 
(Bacterial Dysentery — Jones Disease) 

Cause : Acid-fast Bacillus resembling the Tubercular 
Bacillus that invade the intestines by the way of the 
animal drinking water or eating food containing the 
Acid-fast Bacteria. 

Symptoms : Diarrhoea, loss of flesh, although the ap- 
petite is good, hair becomes dry and harsh, temperature 
remains about normal. The Diarrhoea becomes persist- 
ent and tinged with blood. The animal becomes ema- 
ciated and anemic, exhausted, and death follows. This 
disease may continue for a month or even a year before 
death takes place. However this is very uncommon. 
They generally die very shortly. 

Treatment: Separate the affected cattle from the 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 107 

healthy ones. All fecal matter should be deeply buried 
or burned, the stalls, barnyards, also thoroughly disin- 
fected. Administration of medicine thus far has been 
unsatisfactory, although a treatment should be directed 
toward the intestines with internal antiseptics such as 
Zinc Sulphocarbolates, one and one-half grains ; Protan, 
three drams ; Pulv. Nux Vomica, one dram ; Bismuth Sub- 
nitrate, one dram. Place in gelatin capsule and give with 
capsule gun. This dose should be repeated three or four 
times a day. Feed a good quality of food, such as wheat 
bran mashes or steamed rolled oats and see that the 
water supply is fresh and non-contaminated. 



COLIC 

Cause : Drinking large quantities of cold water when 
overheated. However, this disorder is very uncommon 
in cattle owing to the fact that they are not worked, seldom 
overheated and drink water very slowly. 

Symptoms : Kicking or raising of the feet to the belly. 
Lying down and getting up alternately. Distention of 
the stomach or paunch with gas. The animal chills or 
shivers, etc. 

Treatment: Strong stimulants or tonics as the fol- 
lowing will give immediate results if administered in its 
first stages : Pulv. Nux Vomica, two ounces ; Pulv. Gin- 
ger, two ounces ; Pulv. Capsicum, two ounces. Make into 
eight capsules and give one capsule every two hours 
until relieved. Give the capsules with capsule gun. If 
severe bloating accompanies a case of Colic in cattle 
place one ounce dose of Oil of Turpentine in ounce cap- 
sules and give with capsule gun. 



CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS 

Cause: Cattle permitted to stand in drafts when 
warm after being driven, etc., irritating drugs escaping 
into the lungs when drenching, as it is very difficult for 
cattle to swallow when their heads are elevated. 



108 



THE VETERINARIAN 







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J O 



H O 



t .J'-. ' 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 109 

Symptoms: Dullness. The animal loses its spirits, 
so to speak, usually shivers or trembles. When this 
ceases, the temperature rises to perhaps 105° or 106° F. 
The ears and legs grow cold, the nose hot and dry, pulse 
rapid but firm, breathing short and labored, a short hack- 
ing cough will be present. Such animals generally re- 
main standing. 

Other symptoms are constipation, the feces covered 
with mucus or a slime, great thirst. The eyes are in- 
flamed and look glassy. The secretions of milk are sup- 
pressed, if these symptoms develop in milking cows. 

Treatment: Place the animal in clean, warm, com- 
fortable quarters permitting light and as much pure air 
as possible, but avoid drafts and blanket the animal if 
chilly. Hand rub the legs and bandage with woolen 
cloths. Administer Pulv. Carbonate of Ammonia, four 
ounces; Pulv. Nux Vomica, three ounces; Quinine, two 
ounces; Nitrate of Potash, two ounces; Potassium Iodide, 
one ounce. Make into twenty-four capsules and give one 
capsule every four hours with capsule gun. Also apply 
a paste made from Mustard and cold water over the lung 
cavities just back of the fore legs. Apply once a day 
and perhaps one or two applications will be sufficient. 

If this disease is treated when the first symptoms de- 
velop, a good recovery will follow. Feed easily digested 
food as hot wheat bran mashes or steamed rolled oats, 
vegetables and green grass if possible. 



CONTAGIOUS ABORTION 

(Infections Abortion) 

Cause: Due to a germ (Bacillus Abortus) coming in 
direct contact with the genital organs of a bull or cow 
and can be indefinitely transmitted from one herd to an- 
other by infected bulls serving healthy cows, or infected 
cows when served transmit the infection to healthy bulls. 
Healthy cows become infected by their genital organs 



110 THE VETERINARIAN 

coming in contact with litter on floors when lying down or 
rubbing against fences, walls or posts previously soiled 
by aborting cows. Cattle licking one another is also a 
prolific cause. 

Symptoms: The signs of calving are not so well 
marked as in normal calving, especially where the abort- 
ing animal is a heifer and the gestation period has not 
exceeded three or four weeks. In cows, especially where 
the gestation period has advanced to five or seven 
months, the symptoms are easily detected as a rule by a 
swelling of the udder, or what is commonly termed " mak- 
ing bag," the outer portions of the womb swollen and 
inflamed as in normal calving. As the period of abor- 
tion approaches, there will be a discharge of mucus and 
blood from the womb. Labor pains are not as severe as 
in normal calving, owing to the absence of hair on the 
foetus and being smaller; although the afterbirth (foetal 
membranes), may be retained the same as in normal 
calving. 

Preventive Treatment: This perhaps is the cheap- 
est and best method of treating Contagious Abortion. 
When purchasing bulls or cows, ascertain whether the 
farm you purchased from has Contagious Abortion. x\n 
investigation of this kind often saves labor, time and 
money. 

Medical Treatment : When once Contagious Abor- 
tion makes its appearance, separate infected from non- 
infected animals, remove all litter, manure, etc., from 
barns, corrals, and burn or bury deeply. The convey- 
ances used should be tight so as to prevent scattering. 
Scrub and disinfect floors, fences, walls of barns and rub- 
bing posts with a solution made from three pounds of 
Copper Sulphate to ten gallons of water, permitting it 
to thoroughly dissolve before using. Use an ordinary 
barrel and cover so as to prevent any cattle drinking 
same, as it is very poisonous. When a cow aborts, re- 
move the calf and afterbirth in a tight receptacle that 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 111 

will prevent any portion from being scattered, and burn 
or bury deeply ; disinfect the floor and walls of stall where 
the abortion took place as long as the cow is glischarging 
any fluids from the womb. A gallon of distilled or boiled 
water containing about one per cent Carbolic Acid should 
be injected into the womb with an ordinary hose and 
funnel. This should be repeated once a day for a week. 
Use a solution of the same strength for washing the tail 
and parts around the outer part of the womb, or in fact 
any part that the discharge of an aborting cow may come 
in contact with. 

Internally, give Methylen Blue in thirty grain doses, 
every other day for two weeks. This is an exceptionally 
disagreeable drug to administer as it stains everything it 
comes in contact with. Place it in a gelatin capsule or 
have your druggist prepare six or seven capsules contain- 
ing thirty grains each. Then administer with capsule 
gun. Insist on pure Methylen Blue, accept no substitute. 
This treatment has proven very effective in many lo- 
calities where strict aseptic precautions were carried out, 
as washing out the womb or any parts that the discharge 
of an aborting cow may come in contact with and proper 
cleanliness and disinfection of stables, etc. Cows should 
not be bred for several weeks following abortion or as 
long as there is a discharge present. Bulls should be 
treated in much the same way, as administering Methy- 
len Blue in same size doses for the same length of time 
as that of the cow. But in addition to this, use a one per 
cent solution of Carbolic Acid for injecting into the bull's 
sheath, holding the end of the sheath while the solution is 
being injected, until it is well distended; holding the 
opening of the sheatb allowing the solution to remain as 
long as convenient. Also, wash belly, muzzle, etc., with 
a solution of the same strength. 



112 THE VETERINARIAN 

COUGH 

(Acute and Chronic) 

As a cough is a symptom, of various diseases, these 
in addition to the cough should be treated. 

Kinds of Cough : Many writers give several dif- 
ferent varieties, but for the sake of convenience I will 
divide them into two forms, namely : Acute and Chronic. 

Cause : Acute coughs are generally due to sudden ex- 
posure to cold, drafts and are the forerunning symptom 
of a disease of the organs of breathing. 

Chronic Coughs are associated with, and are a result 
of sore throat, lung fever, pleurisy, bronchitis, catarrh 
and tuberculosis. 

Treatment : Under each disease, of which a cough is 
a symptom, I have also prescribed to include its suppres- 
sion. The following prescription is reasonable in price, 
yet very effective in all forms of cough: Tannic Acid, 
one ounce; Potassi Chlorate, four ounces; Potassi Ni- 
trate, four ounces. Powder well and mix with Black 
Strap Molasses, one pint, placing container retaining the 
above in hot water, which assists in dissolving. When 
this is thoroughly mixed, add Pine Tar, one pint, and 
place one tablespoonful well back on the tongue with a 
wooden paddle every three or four hours, according to 
the severity of the cough. 

Sometimes a liniment applied to the throat and wind- 
pipe has a good effect, and I would recommend the fol- 
lowing on account of its penetrating qualities: Aqua. 
Ammonia Fort., two ounces; Turpentine, two ounces; 
Raw Linseed Oil, four ounces. Mix and apply twice 
daily, shaking the contents of the bottle well before using. 



COWPOX 

(Variola) 
Cause: Investigations lead us to believe that it is 
due to a protozoa. So far, the true micro-organism has 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 113 

not been discovered. This disease is very contagious and 
is transmitted by direct communication but not through 
the air. Perhaps the most common way of transmitting 
the disease is by the hands of the milker. 

Symptoms: A slight raise in the temperature, espe- 
cially that of the udder and teats. They are red, swol- 
len and tender and after three or four days small pim- 
ples or pustules will appear on the teats about the size of 
a pea. The pimples or pustules become larger and within 
a few days may attain the size of one-half inch in diame- 
ter. At the end of the second week the pimples or pus- 
tules burst and discharge an amber colored fluid leaving 
raw sores, which cause the animal to suffer intensely 
when being milked. The supply of milk is also markedly 
decreased in this condition. 

Prevention : A person should not milk both healthy 
and diseased cows unless the hands are thoroughly 
washed in a Carbolated Solution; the clothes that are 
likely to come in contact with the udder, coat sleeves, 
etc., changed. 

Treatment : It is advisable to give a physic as it has 
a very good effect on the blood, such as Aloin, two drams, 
and Ginger, two drams, which is easily prepared and ad- 
ministered by placing in capsule and giving with capsule 
gun. 

Also, the application of Zinc Ointment two or three 
times a day affords immediate relief and causes the 
sores to heal rapidly. Good results are also obtained by 
feeding food that is easily digested, as bran mashes, 
steamed rolled oats and vegetables. 



CUD CHEWING 

(Physiology of Rumination) 

The cow when eating grass or hay merely moistens it 
with saliva and swallows, then it passes into the rumen 
or paunch which acts as a storehouse or reservoir for 



114 THE VETERINARIAN 

food. After the paunch or rumen is filled, the cow finds 
a comfortable place to stand or lie down and she regur- 
gitates it into the mouth by a contraction of the muscles 
of the walls of the esophagus in small quantities or pel- 
lets from the rumen or paunch back into the mouth and 
is there masticated. When it is chewed finely she swal- 
lows and it passes into the second stomach and is there 
digested for assimilation. 



DIARRHOEA 

Cause: Giving rich succulent foods after being fed 
on stimulating diets for some time, and such a case may 
be a benefit to the animal instead of an injury. Turnips, 
carrots, etc., especially if frozen slightly, are apt to pro- 
duce it. Also impure and stagnant water which acts as 
a poison or some irritant in the food, as sand, clay, etc., 
or it may result from excitement, as driving cattle or 
shipping cattle in cars when not accustomed to it. Or, 
it may be the result of an overdose of irritating medi- 
cines. Diarrhoea as a rule is not fatal. It is often an 
effort of nature to relieve some disease, as poison in the 
blood. The easiest way to get rid of it is by way of the 
bowels. 

Symptoms: It is easily detected. An animal passes 
large amounts of feces which are of a liquid nature. At 
first the pulse is but little affected, but after a day or 
two it becomes weak and slightly increased. If it con- 
tinues for a few days the pulse increases, the ears and 
legs get colder than normal, there are slight gripping 
pains in some cases due to slight irritation or perhaps 
to slight spasm of the intestines. These pains may in- 
crease and result in inflammation of the bowels, espe- 
cially if the cause is due to stagnant water or irritating 
drugs. 

Treatment : In many cases all you have to do is to 
change the food and clothe the body according to the 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 115 

temperature. Do not let the animal drink large quantities 
of water at one time. Give pure water in small quantities, 
but often, and it may be necessary to give medicines. 
Endeavor to find out the cause and if due to some irritant 
in the intestines, prepare Flaxseed tea by pouring a 
quart of boiling water on a half pint of pure Flaxseed, 
allowing it to cool. Compel the animal to drink it. This 
is very soothing to the bowels when irritated and also 
beneficial in removing the irritant; in cases where the 
Diarrhoea continues for some time, it is necessary to 
stop it by administering Gum Catechu, two ounces ; Pro- 
tan, two ounces; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, eight grains. 
Mix and make into eight capsules and give one capsule 
every four hours with capsule gun. Keep the animal as 
quiet as possible and feed non-irritating food that is 
easily digested, as steamed barley or oats. 



DEHORNING 

Dehorning is not considered a cruelty as some people 
hold it, as horns on cattle do not only add discomfort to 
themselves but acid to the owner's risk. It is much bet- 
ter, safer and I think more humane to prevent the growth 
of horns on calves after they are three or four days old 
by rubbing the elevations where the horns make their 
appearance with a pencil of Caustic Potash after being 
moistened with cold water. Repeat this application two 
or three times, which is generally sufficient. 

When dehorning cattle with clippers or saw, it is well 
to remove about one-half inch of the flesh of the horn. 
This gives their head a much better appearance after the 
horns are removed and healed. When a horn is freshly 
amputated, apply Oil of Tar occasionally, as it is an an- 
tiseptic and prevents infection and the annoyance of flies. 
However, this should be performed during the season 
when the flies are less numerous. 



116 



THE VETERINAEIAN 



DROPSY 

(Ascities) 

Cause : Usually seen in old animals or cattle fed on 
poor food where the blood becomes so poor, so to speak, 
that Dropsy follows. The presence of worms frequently 
stimulates excessive secretions of fluid, producing 
Dropsy. 

Symptoms: The abdomen is abnormally increased in 




Champion Jersey Cow Grey Portia. 
Owned by Mrs. Nelle Fabyan, Geneva, 111. 

size, flanks are gaunt, paleness of the membranes of the 
mouth and eyes and a general weakness. Pressure with 
the hand on the abdominal walls will produce a splashing, 
watery sound. 

Teeatment : The cause at first should be determined 
and the disease treated accordingly. If due to worms, 
withhold all food for twenty-four hours. Place two 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 117 

ounces of Oil of Turpentine in gelatin capsules and give 
with capsule gun. Follow this in six hours with two 
drams of Aloin, three drams of Ginger in gelatin capsule 
and give with capsule gun. Feed nourishing food as 
wheat bran mashes and one cup of Flaxseed meal once a 
day. In their drinking water place one dram of Potas- 
sium Iodide two or three times a day. See that this 
water is drunk and give no other until this is consumed 

by the animal. 

ECZEiMA 

Cause : Insanitary surroundings, as warm, damp sta- 
bles. Overfeeding, swills, decomposed vegetables. Ap- 
plying irritating drugs to the skin. 

Symptoms: Redness of the skin and the animal rubs 
itself; is usually confined to a small area at first, 
but eventually spreads. Considerable inflammation is 
present, also eruptions of the skin which discharge white, 
serous, sticky fluid, terminating in scabs and thickness 
of the skin. Sometimes suppuration or formation of pus- 
tules containing pus is present. These symptoms do not 
always occur in regular succession ; in some cases the 
serums oozing from the skin will be more prominent than 
in others. 

Teeatment: Determine the cause and remove it. If 
due to poor food, improve the quality. Also feed laxative 
food, as hot bran mashes, steamed rolled oats. If the 
bowels do not act freely, administer Aloin, two drams, 
and Ginger, three drams. Place in gelatin capsule and 
give with capsule gun. An ointment made from the 
following is very effective as an application in this con- 
dition: Blue Ointment, one ounce; Zinc Oxide, three 
ounces. Mix well and apply two or three times a day. 
A tonic usually has a very good effect in the treatment 
of this disease, and I would recommend the use of the 
following : Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces ; Potassium 
Nitrate, four ounces; Ferri Sulphate, four ounces. Mix 
and make into twelve capsules and give one capsule two 
or three times a day with capsule gun. 



118 THE VETERINARIAN 

ERGOT POISON 

(Ergotism) 

Cause: Ergotism is produced by cattle eating fun- 
goid growths which attack kernels and seeds of rye and 
blue grass, etc. These kernels or seeds grow dark in 
color and become abnormally large and curved in shape. 
The infected grass or hay when eaten by cattle contract 
the arteries, especially those of the legs, just above the 
feet, although all the arteries in the body are contracted 
to a certain extent. This disease is frequently seen in 
Spring and Summer. 

Symptoms: Ergot is prescribed in cases of bleeding, 
because of its contracting effect upon the arteries (clos- 
ing or stopping the flow of blood) where the blood sup- 
ply is the weakest, as in the extremities. It is cut off and 
this, of course, causes the skin just above the hoofs to 
break or crack as though it were cut with a knife. This 
shuts off the entire supply of blood to the foot, which 
mummifies, and the lower portion becomes gangrenous 
and eventually sloughs off. One of the first effects of 
Ergot Poison in pregnant cattle is abortion, due to the 
blood supply to the womb being shut off by its contracting 
effect on the arteries. Cattle are particularly susceptible 
to Ergotism. 

Treatment: When Ergotism is so advanced as to 
produce sloughing of the feet it is best to destroy the 
animal. If other animals are affected slightly, find out 
the cause and remove it. Look to the hay or pasture as 
the producer. Administer one-half ounce of Chloral 
Hydrate, two or three times a day in their drinking water 
or mix it with sufficient quantity of Flaxseed meal to 
fill an ounce gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. 
If the skin is slightly broken above the foot, wash with 
five per cent solution of Carbolic Acid. Where the feet 
have become gangrenous amputation of the foot or feet 
is necessary, which is not advisable unless the animal is 
very valuable. 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 119 

FLUKE 

(Liver and Lungs) 

Cause: This disease is contracted by cattle grazing 
on marshy lands. There are two different species of 
Fluke that affect the liver and kings of cattle. They 
are both flat, leaf-like worms. The Common Liver Fluke 
is about one-half inch long, while the so-called American 
Fluke is somewhat larger. In their life history these 
Flukes depend on snails as intermediate hosts. At a 
certain stage of development the young Flukes live on 
snails. They become encysted on stalks and blades of 
grass which are finally swallowed by grazing cattle. This 
disease is most frequently seen in young cattle. 

Symptoms: The animal shows no marked signs at 
first, but eventually the appetite diminishes, rumination 
or chewing of the cud becomes irregular, the animal be- 
comes dull, hide-bound, hair standing, the visible mucous 
membranes of the mouth and eyes become pale and 
bloodless, the eyes discharge watery fluids oozing down 
the face, temperature varying from two to three de- 
grees above normal and milk supply, if in aged cattle, 
remarkably reduced. In all cases there is great thirst 
and the animal becomes very much emaciated and refuses 
to eat. Swelling's about the belly and breast, etc. Diar- 
rhoea at first, alternating with constipation, but finally 
becomes continuous. The diseased animal succumbs to 
the malady in from two to six months. ■ 

Treatment: Medical treatment is unsatisfactory. 
The disease will be prevented to a considerable extent 
by giving animals plenty of salt and in the marshes con- 
taining pools of water introduce or plant carp, frogs and 
toads into the infected tracts. These will destroy the 
young parasites and feed upon the snails which serve as 
their intermediate hosts. Or, prevent the cattle from 
grazing upon swampy marshes by fencing them out. 



120 THE VETERINARIAN 

FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE 

(Infectious Aphtha — Epizootica Eczema) 

Cause : This disease is produced by a specific agent 
or germ, the exact nature of which is not known. It will 
pass through the Berkfelt filter, which is the most minute 
filter known to science, and is therefore known as a filter- 
able virus. This is an eruptive fever and belongs to the 
class of Exanthematous diseases such as smallpox, 
measles, scarlet fever, etc. Every outbreak starts from 
some pre-existing infection. The infection is distributed 
by manure, pastures, barnyards, hay, drinking troughs, 
box-cars, ships, boats which have been previously oc- 
cupied by animals affected with this disease, travel over 
public highways or man may carry the infection of this 
disease on his clothing and transmit it to healthy cattle, 
etc. Foot and Mouth Disease not only affects cattle but 
attacks a variety of animals, as the horse, sheep, goat, 
hog, dog, cat, also wild animals as buffalo, deer, antelope, 
and man himself is not immune from this disease. Children 
also suffer from Foot and Mouth Disease, resulting from 
drinking unboiled milk from infected cattle. Therefore, 
when purchasing cattle be very careful, as you may be 
buying an infectious disease. Keep the newly purchased 
animals to themselves for two or three weeks, if possible. 
This will give ample time for the majority of infectious 
diseases to develop. 

Symptoms: The disease usually makes its first ap- 
pearance in three to six days after being exposed, by 
chilling, rise of temperature, and in a day or so pustules 
varying in size from that of a pin head to that of a pea 
appear. They appear upon the inner surface of the lips, 
gums and upper surface of the tongue. The feet also be- 
come affected between the digits. The udder usually be- 
comes affected, especially in milking cows. As soon as 
this disease becomes well established the affected animal 
evinces great pain when attempting to eat. The animal 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 121 

generally refuses food. In many instances they shut and 
open the mouth with a smacking sound owing to the 
stringy saliva flowing from the mouth. The ulcers in 
the mouth continue to enlarge until they attain the size 
of one-half to two inches in diameter. The mucous mem- 
brane covering these ulcers breaks and a watery dis- 
charge escapes. In a few days the surface of the ulcers 
takes on a whitish appearance. The same changes take 
place in the feet and the animal becomes very lame and 
the udder very much swollen, the ulcers discharge, etc. 

Prevention : When any of the above mentioned symp- 
toms are noticed, non-affected animals should immedi- 
ately be removed to non-affected quarters. This disease 
is not communicated through the atmosphere but by the 
animal coming into direct contact with the infection or 
virus; hence it is not necessary to move unaffected an- 
imals any great distance but merely to clean, sanitary 
quarters which have not been subjected to any possible 
infection from the diseased animals. It must be borne in 
mind that the attendant or helper cannot be too careful in 
the matter of his own actions and dress as the infection 
is easily carried through clothes, fecal matter, etc., adher- 
ing to shoes or any matter or articles, such as buckets, 
brushes, rubrags, blankets, etc. 

The existence of this disease should at once be reported 
to your nearest Veterinarian. He will report to the State 
Veterinarian of your State or to the United States Bu- 
reau of Animal Industry at Washington, D. C. 

Treatment: I cannot recommend any treatment as 
being satisfactory or a cure, for although under some 
treatments the animal appears to make a good recovery, 
in the majority of cases the feet are disfigured and crip- 
pled, the udder permanently injured with growths, an- 
imal unfit for milking purposes, and the mouth, tongue 
and teeth left impaired ; the mouth and tongue strictured 
from wounds and the teeth loosened from the gums. 
Furthermore, should an animal make apparent recovery, 



122 THE VETERINAEIAN 

it is not immune from a recurrence of the disease. In 
treating the disease, there is not only danger of spreading 
the disease to other animals, but to man. The flesh or 
milk from animals apparently cured should never be 
used unless first examined by a qualified Veterinarian. 
"Without question, all animals showing severe symp- 
toms as above described should be at once slaughtered 




Hereford Bull. 
Owned by C. A. Tow, Norway, Iowa. 

and buried six feet or deeper, covering carcass with 
Quicklime and then promptly filling grave, according to 
the Government regulations, which should be followed 
explicitly. Be careful to disinfect scene of slaughter, as 
bloodstains, etc. The United States Bureau of Animal 
Industry regulates the disinfectants to be used and the 
strength thereof, and as these are subject to change from 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 123 

time to time, I must refer you, in this matter to the 
proper Government authorities. 

Medical Treatment: If permitted by; Government 
authorities, I would suggest the following treatment as 
being beneficial: In mild attacks of Foot and Mouth 
Disease benefits may be derived by cleanliness and the 
applications of antiseptics as placing Boracic Acid, one 
dram; Potassium Chlorate, two drams, in a bucket of 
water, compelling the animal to drink it. Repeat this 
dose two or three times a day. Also compel the animals 
to stand in tubs or troughs containing a one in one thou- 
sandth solution of Bichloride of Mercury for at least five 
minutes, twice daily. When other parts of the body be- 
come affected, as the cow's udder, apply Carbolated 
Vaseline twice daily. This treatment should be continued 
until all ulcers have ceased to discharge. Always keep in 
mind that this disease is contagious and is transmitted 
to other animals, as well as to man. For disinfecting 
corrals, barns, clothing, hands and anything which the 
diseased animal might come in contact with, I would rec- 
ommend Coal Tar products, diluted one part to fifty 
parts warm water. Spray, sprinkle or scrub. 



FOOT ROT 

(Foul in Foot) 

Cause : Due to filth or from hard substances accumu- 
lating between the two digits, producing irritation and 
inflammation and suppuration. 

Symptoms: Lameness. On examination the foot is 
swollen, hot and painful to the touch. When the case is 
of long standing, suppuration occurs and pus will ooze 
from between the digits, and is very offensive in smell. 
This condition causes the digits to slough off, if no attempt 
is made to relieve it. 

Treatment : Cleanliness. Where there is considera- 
ble inflammation present, apply Hot Bran or Flaxseed 



124 THE VETERINARIAN 

poultices. Keep clean and treat as an ordinary wound. 
The following prescription will be found very effective 
in Foot Rot : Oil of Origanum, four ounces ; Oil of Pisis, 
four ounces; Oil of Turpentine, four ounces. Saturate 
oakum or cotton with the above liniment placing between 
the digits and bandage. Feed laxative food, as hot wheat 
bran mashes and vegetables. 



FOUNDER 

(Laminitis) 

Inflammation of the internal, sensitive structure of 
the foot. 

Cause: Overfeeding, overheating, driving on rough, 
stony soil. Cattle confined to stand on hard floors with- 
out exercise frequently suffer from Founder. 

Symptoms : The animals lie down a great part of the 
time. Feet hot and tender and if made to walk they do so 
with great difficulty. One or all four feet may become 
affected, although it is more frequently found in the 
front feet. The temperature is somewhat elevated, vary- 
ing from 104° to 106° F., breathing very rapid, appetite 
fairly good and there will be great thirst. Founder in 
cows reduces the milk secretion, owing to the great fever 
that is present. 

Treatment: Apply cold packs to the feet, ice packs 
preferred. If the animal can be made to stand in a 
stream of water having a soft bottom, it, perhaps, is the 
best method of cooling out the feet. Give a physic of 
Aloin, three drams; Pulv. Gentian Root, two drains. 
Place in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. To 
their drinking water add two or three drams of Potassi 
Nitrate three or four times daily. Animals suffering 
with Founder should be provided with soft ground to 
stand on, as their feet will be tender and subject to the 
chronic form of the disease. 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 125 

GARGET 

(Congestion of the Udder) 

Cause : Very common in heavy milkers before or just 
after calving when the bag is very much enlarged and 
very sensitive ; exposure to chilling or standing in drafts 
or even neglected for too long a time in milking. Injuries 
may also cause Garget. 

Symptoms : The bag is very much enlarged, showing 
signs of inflammation. The swelling extends well for- 
ward following the milk veins. The cow has great diffi- 
culty in walking due to sensitiveness of the bag. When 
milked for two or three days the swelling disappears 
after the secretion is fully established, but as a rule is 
tinged with blood. Sometimes small clots of milk or 
cheese-like particles are ejected with the milk. 

Treatment: Give a physic consisting of Aloin, two 
drams ; Pulv. Ginger, three drams. Place in gelatin cap- 
sule and give with capsule gun: Hyposulphite of Soda, 
sixteen ounces ; Nitrate of Potassi, four ounces. Mix and 
make into sixteen powders. Give one powder three times 
a day in drinking water or place in gelatin capsule and 
give with capsule gun. Also dissolve Bichloride of Mer- 
cury, two grains ; Boracic Acid, two drams, in one quart 
of boiling hot water. When this solution cools to about 
blood temperature, after stripping all milk fluid or pus 
from the affected teat or teats, inject with an ordinary 
bulb injection syringe after placing a teat tube into the 
end from which the air escapes when the bulb is pressed. 
Now, place the end of the syringe retaining the teat tube 
in the affected teat, the other end place in a bottle or 
vessel containing the solution and gently press the bulb 
and inject about a pint of the solution in each affected 
quarter. Leave the solution in the teat for only fifteen to 
twenty minutes and milk out thoroughly. Eepeat this 
treatment two or three times a day. 

For an external application the following ointment has 



126 THE VETERINARIAN 

given remarkably good results : Blue Ointment and Zinc 
Ointment, equal parts. Mix well and apply two or three 
times daily. 

HARD MILKERS 

Cause : A thickness or contraction of the mucous 
membranes lining the teat or growths inside the teat. 

Treatment : All antiseptic precautions should be car- 
ried out in this operation, as boiling the instruments and 
then covering them with Carbolated Vaseline. Then with 
a hidden bistoury or a knife concealed in a tube, force up- 
ward into the teat, then press out the little blade and 
draw the instrument down the teat, making about four in- 
cisions equal distance apart around the inner surface of 
the teat. The use of self -retaining teat dilators prevents 
the contraction of the cut surface, permitting them to 
remain in the teat for two weeks, removing them only 
when the milk is being stripped from the teat. Always 
place them in boiling water and cover with Carbolated 
Vaseline before inserting. 



HOLLOW HORN 

Horns of the cattle tribe are normally hollow, although 
a core extends well into the horn. This, however, is 
merely a prolongation of a porous bone of the head which 
affords a point for the horns' attachment, consequently 
when a cow is sick and the temperature is elevated, the 
horns are naturally hot, it being the symptom of a disease 
and not a disease of itself, and which should be treated 
under its special heading. 

The supposed disease "Hollow Horn" once upon a 
time was treated by boring a hole into the horn with a 
small gimlet and pouring Turpentine into the opening. 
This treatment is useless and harmful. It produces in- 
flammation of the frontal sinuses of the head and 
chances are death of the animal will follow as a result of 
the treatment and not of the disease. 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 127 

INDIGESTION 

Cause: Animals with a voracious appetite will over- 
load their stomachs with food that is hard to digest or is 
decomposed, causing the organs of assimilation to become 
weakened, sluggish and incapable of doing their proper 
work. 

Symptoms: The animal ceases to ruminate (chew its 
cud) ; stands quietly, hair rough, nose dry, temperature 
elevated one to two degrees, breathing usually faster than 
normal with slight grunts at each expiration of air from 
the lungs. The secretions of milk are suddenly dimin- 
ished. If the hand is placed against the left side and 
quickly removed, a marked depression or pit will remain, 
which shows that the paunch is full of undigested food. 
Bloating is also frequently accompanied by indigestion. 

Treatment : Administer Aloin, three drams ; Ginger, 
three drams. Place in capsule and give with capsule gun. 
Permit the animal to drink all the water possible. If 
bloating is present give two-ounce capsules filled with 
Turpentine with capsule gun. A tonic is quite necessary 
in this condition, and the following I am sure will be 
followed by good results if the case is not of too long a 
standing : Sodium Bicarbonate, eight ounces ; Pulv. Nux 
Vomica, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces; 
Pulv. Ginger, four ounces. Place two tablespoonfuls in 
gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun every six hours, 
Very good results are also obtained from rectal injections 
of soap and warm water. Feed good nourishing food 
sparingly, compelling the animal to exercise, etc. 



INFLAMMATION OF THE BAG 

(Simple Mammitis) 

Cause: Injuries, as blows, kicks, etc.; lying on cold, 
rough ground or floor, standing in drafts, sudden change 
of weather. Derangement of the system is likely to af- 
fect the udder ; poorly milked or stripped cows are often 



128 



THE VETERINARIAN 



victims of Mammitis. Infections in the teat from insert- 
ing dirty instruments, as nsing a bicycle pump for the 
treatment of Milk Fever. Cows with a retained after- 
birth are likely to infect the udder by switching their tail. 
This condition is very common in heavy milkers follow- 
ing calving. 

Symptoms: The animal chills, hair stands, tempera- 
ture elevated from one to three degrees above normal; 
ears, horns and legs cold, which may suddenly become 




Guernsey Cow Murne Cowan 19597 A. E. 1906. Sire Fan- 
tasia's Jeweller 7259; Dam Janet Brown 12403. 

(Year's record 2.400S.0 lbs. Milk; 1098.18 lbs. Butter Fat.) 

Owned by O. C. Barber, Akron, Ohio. 

very hot; pulse rapid, breathing hurried, bag hard and 
swollen and very tender on pressure. When attempts are 
made to milk, a watery substance comes away, almost 
colorless at first, but later becomes tinged with blood and 
pus and has a fetid odor. The cow's muzzle is dry, appe- 
tite poor, but great thirst exists. This condition may 
affect one or more quarters of the udder. Abscesses may 
form and the udder break and a thick yellowish pus oozes 
out or the miik glands may solidify and cause hard, lumpy 
growths in the udder. 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 129 

Treatment : Prevention. If an animal is once slightly 
affected with, inflammation of the bag, it is likely to de- 
velop a bad case of Mammitis from the slightest injury 
or exposure as stated above, which depreciates a cow 
considerably as a milk producer, especially on the mar- 
ket. Great care should be exercised when purchasing a 
cow for milking purposes. See that the teats and udder 
are sound, free from lumps, etc. 

Medical Treatment: Hyposulphite of Soda, sixteen 
ounces ; Nitrate of Potassi, four ounces. Mix and make 
into sixteen powders. Give one powder three times a day 
in drinking water or place in a gelatin capsule and give 
with a capsule gun. Also, dissolve Bichloride of Mercury, 
two grains; Boracic Acid, two drams, in one quart of 
boiling hot water. When this solution cools to about 
blood temperature, after stripping all milk fluid or pus 
from the affected teat or teats, inject with an ordinary 
bulb injection syringe after placing a teat tube into the 
end from which the air escapes when the bulb is pressed. 
Now, place this end of the syringe retaining the teat tube 
in the affected teat ; the other end place in a bottle or ves- 
sel containing the solution and gently press the bulb and 
inject about a pint of the solution into each affected 
quarter. Leave the solution in the teat for only fifteen 
to twenty minutes and milk out thoroughly. Repeat this 
treatment two or three times a day. 

For an external application, the following ointment 
has given remarkably good results : Blue Ointment, two 
ounces ; Lard, two ounces. Mix well and apply twice daily. 



INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE, 

(Conjunctivitis) 

Cause: Injuries, irritating gases, from an animal 
standing in dark and poorly ventilated stables or foreign 
bodies in the eye, as chaff, etc. 

Symptoms : A constant flow of tears from the eye run- 
ning down the animal's face, which are due to the inflam- 



130 THE VETERINARIAN 

mation of the lining membranes of the eye. The eye is 
partially or completely closed. 

Treatment : If due to a foreign body, remove it. In 
order to accomplish this, the animal must be placed in 
a stanchion, the head twisted and the eyelid turned back. 
Do not use burned alum as this will only make the condi- 
tion worse. Use Boracic Acid, thirty grains; distilled 
water, one ounce. Apply to the eye three or four times 
daily, using an ordinary eye-dropper. 



INFLAMMATION OF THE HEART SACK 

(Pericarditis) 

Cause: Cattle being ruminants, therefore, not mas- 
ticating their food finely before swallowing, consequently 
foreign bodies, such as nails, wire, etc., are picked up 
with the food and taken into the rumen or paunch. These 
sharp objects penetrate the walls of the paunch, rumen 
or first stomach and pierce the membrane or sack sur- 
rounding the heart, which produces an inflammation 
of the heart sack, or Pericarditis. 

Symptoms : Symptoms develop very slowly or indica- 
tions of indigestion will be present as the appetite is 
variable, temperature elevated, breathing labored, the 
animal avoids walking down hill as it causes pain 
from the stomach and intestines pressing the lungs 
against the heart. The symptoms, however, are so slight 
that they may easily escape the notice of a casual ob- 
server. The animal eventually becomes poor, emaciated 
and dies. If you open the heart sack, it will be found full 
of watery pus. 

Treatment: Unsuccessful, as this disease is seldom 
diagnosed correctly, and if it is an operation is neces- 
sary and this does not prove successful in the majority 
of cases. 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 131 

INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS 
Cause : Injuries in the region of the kidneys, exposure 
to cold weather, especially in cows soon after calving. 
Eating poisonous plants, decomposed food or drinking 
stagnant water, irritating medicines given ignorantly of 
their bad effects are frequently followed by inflammation 
of the kidneys. 

Symptoms : The attack will first be noticed by slight 
shivering or chilling followed by an increased tempera- 
ture, breathing increased. The animal attempts to uri- 
nate frequently and the amount passed is small and of a 
dark amber color and may be flaked with blood. There 
will be stiffness and straddling of the hind legs which is 
always present during urinary disorders. There may be 
slight swelling and tenderness over the kidneys. As the 
disease progresses the animal grows weak and finally 
dies if prompt relief is not afforded. Fortunately this 
disease is not common among cattle. 

Treatment : Clothe the animal if the weather is cold. 
Mild physics are beneficial, as Aloin, one and one-half 
drams; Ginger, two drams; Nux Vomica, two drams, 
placed in a gelatin capsule and given with capsule gun. 
Also, the following, which is very soothing to the urinary 
tract : Potassium Acetate, Potassium Bromide, each four 
ounces, made into sixteen powders. Give one powder 
every four hours in their drinking water. Feed nitrog- 
enous food as hot wheat bran mashes, steamed rolled 
oats, and see that the animal has pure water to drink. 



INFLAMMATION OF THE PENIS 

Cause: Injuries received from snags, walking 
through the underbrush, jumping fences, etc. 

Symptoms: Arched back, swelling of the sheath and 
in some cases a discharge. It may be serious enough to 
affect the appetite and cause fever. 

Treatment : Wash out the sheath two or three times 



132 THE VETERINAEIAN 

daily with a three per cent solution of Boracic Acid. If 
the inflammation extends pretty well back in the sheath, 
it is advisable to inject this solution with a syringe, care- 
fully, as far back as possible. Withdraw the syringe, 
holding the opening of the sheath so as to retain the solu- 
tion for a few minutes before allowing it to escape. 

Feed laxative food and supply the animal with fresh 
water to drink. If there is considerable fever, administer 
Potassium Nitrate, Pulv. Nux Vomica, each two ounces. 
Make into eight capsules and give one capsule two or 
three times a day. . 

INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB 

Cause : Injuries, as bruises, laceration, sustained dur- 
ing calving, especially where the cow is assisted with 
instruments or hands that are not thoroughly aseptic, an 
animal retaining the afterbirth which undergoes putre- 
faction, and consequently sets up an inflammation of the 
womb, or perhaps the animal may become infected dur- 
ing the act of removing the afterbirth if the operator is 
neglectful about washing his hands or washing the womb 
out thoroughly. 

Symptoms: The animal will chill, the temperature 
elevated two or three degrees, the back will be arched, 
stiffness of the hind parts, legs, ears and horns cold, nose 
hot and dry, grinding of the teeth, the cow usually re- 
mains standing, ceases to chew her cud, the secretions of 
milk will be markedly reduced, and a day or so after the 
symptoms appear, there will be a discharge from the 
womb of a reddish lumpy nature. This becomes thick 
and yellow containing small particles of flesh, showing 
that the inner lining of the womb is sloughing. This 
discharge is very offensive in odor. A cow in this condi- 
tion requires the best of care or she will die as the de- 
composed substance in the womb may be absorbed into 
the circulation and produce Pyemia or Septicemia (Blood 
Poison). 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 133 

Treatment: Give Aloin, two drams; Pulv. Ginger, 
three drams, place in a gelatin capsule and give with 
capsule gun. Flush out the womb thoroughly with a 
tablespoonful of Carbolic Acid to one gallon of water 
two or three times a day. A convenient instrument for 
flushing out the womb can be made from an ordinary 
funnel and a clean hose about four feet long. This an- 
swers the purpose of an injection syringe very well. In 
their drinking water add the following: Hyposulphite of 
Soda, sixteen ounces ; Potassium Iodide, two ounces. 
Make into sixteen powders and give one powder two or 
three times a day. 

In addition to the above treatment it is necessary to* 
give alteratives and bitter tonics to build up the condi- 
tion of the animal as soon as possible. The following 
will be found very effective: Pulv. Gentian Root, four 
ounces ; Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, four ounces ; Nitrate of 
Potash, four ounces. Mix and make into sixteen powders 
and give one powder three times a day. Place in a 
gelatin capsule and administer with a capsule gun. 

My reasons for giving animals medicine in capsules 
are: 

1. There is no danger of liquids, as in drenching, 
escaping into the lungs. 

2. Any drug having any beneficial effects as a tonic 
is very bitter, consequently the only way the animal will 
take it is by placing in capsule. 



JOINT ILL, NAVEL ILL 
(Umbilical Pyemia and Septicemia) 
Cause: This disease is produced by various germs 
entering the navel cord of newly born calves when 
dropped, the navel being freshly severed and its coming 
in contact with filth and manure where germs are nu- 
merous, consequently germs adhere and enter the blood 
stream. Calf Scours as a rule is associated with this 
disease. 



134 THE VETERINARIAN 

Symptoms: Swelling of the joints which are very hot 
and painful on pressure, and when the calf is made to 
move it walks stiffly and slowly, does not care to nurse its 
mother or take any food, temperature elevated from 
105° to 108° F., breathing hurried, pulse very weak and 
quick. There will be an offensive discharge from the 
navel cord of a yellowish color and swollen joints finally 
break and also discharge a thick yellow pus. The calf 
becomes emaciated and finally dies from exhaustion. 

Treatment : Prevention. Provide clean surround- 
ings for cows when calving, and in addition to this have a 
one in one-thousandth solution of Bichloride of Mercury 
on hand. Wash the navel well in the solution once a day 
until the cord is thoroughly dried. 

Medical Treatment: Unsuccessful. Sometimes the 
calf recovers, but at best the calf is badly stunted and is 
very seldom worth keeping. However, the following 
method of treatment has been followed with fairly good 
results : Wash the navel cord well in a one-thou- 
sandth solution of Bichloride of Mercury two or three 
times a day and give Zinc Sulphocarbolates, one-fourth 
grain ; Potassi Iodide, five grains, in a little water or milk 
three or four times a day. Feed them three or four eggs 
a day, molasses, fresh milk. This will keep up the 
strength and vitality and a good recovery may follow, 
although it is an exception and not a rule. 



LACERATION OF THE EYELID 

Cause: An eyelid may be torn on the manger, rub- 
bing post or barb wire fence, etc. 

Treatment: Wash the lacerated portions of the eye 
thoroughly with a five per cent solution of Carbolic Acid. 
It may be necessary to take a few stitches in the wound 
or the torn edges may be cut off with a pair of sharp 
scissors. If stitches have been taken, they should be re- 
moved after the parts have united and the eye kept 
clean. A very convenient application for the eye in this 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 135 

condition is Boracic Acid, one dram; Distilled Water, 
four ounces. Apply liberally to the eye. 



LEECHES 

(Blood Suckers) 

Leeches which suck blood of cattle are sometimes taken 
up by the animals when drinking water from ponds, 
etc. The leeches attach themselves to the inner surface 
of the mouth or -nose, and sometimes reach the upper 
part of windpipe or the gullet. Bleeding at the mouth or 
nose may be noticed, the membranes where the leeches 
attach themselves become congested and swollen, and as 
a result of the loss of blood anemic condition follows. 

Treatment: If the leeches can be reached, they are 
easily destroyed by cutting them in two with a pair of 
scissors or they may be removed with a pair of forceps or 
with the fingers after wrapping a piece of cloth around 
them so as to prevent slipping. 

Steam from boiling hot water containing Pine Tar or 
Oil of Turpentine may cause leeches to release their hold 
if they cannot be removed by other means. In ponds 
where leeches are numerous, eels should be introduced 
as they feed upon blood suckers of this species. 



LUMPY JAW 

(Wooden Tongue, Big Head, Actinomycosis) 
Cause : The Ray Fungus. This organism which oc- 
curs in the tissues in the form of russets is directly 
transmitted from one animal to another. It seems ap- 
parent that the fungus is conveyed into the tissues of the 
mouth by various food stuff through slight wounds of 
the mucous membranes of the mouth or an animal that 
has decayed teeth or during the shedding of milk teeth. 
The Ray Fungus is found naturally vegetated or clinging 
on the awns of barley, the spears of oats and on other 
grains. Quantities of fungi have been found between 



136 



THE VETERINABIAN 




DISEASES OF CATTLE 137 

the vegetable fibers of barley which had penetrated the 
gums of cattle and on the awns of grain imbedded in 
their tongues. 

Lumpy Jaw can also be transmitted by coming in con- 
tact with or eating food over which lumpy jawed cattle 
have slobbered. A healthy animal eating such food with 
very slight bruises or abrasions of the mouth will con- 
tract the disease very readily. This disease is mislead- 
ing as other organs are affected with the Ray Fungi or 
the Bacillus of Actinomycosis, as the lungs and even the 
digestive organs have been found to be affected with this 
disease. 

Symptoms : External symptoms or signs are the only 
means by which to ascertain the disease. Its exact loca- 
tion is on the lower jaw bone near its angle. It may also 
affect the upper jaw, but this is an exception and not a 
rule. Internally it may affect the tongue, mouth, throat 
or lungs, but rarely the intestines. This enlargement 
continues to grow until it reaches the size of that of a 
man's head, breaks and discharges pus. The animal be- 
comes poor and emaciated, the hair takes on a dull, 
roughened appearance and in many cases it is very diffi- 
cult for it to eat, especially where the disease separates 
the gums and bone from the teeth and causes them 
to become very loose or to drop out. The animal in 
the latter stages of this disease generally dies from 
starvation. 

Treatment: Successful in its first stages. Soft, ni- 
trogenous food should be fed, such as wheat bran mashes, 
steamed rolled oats or barley, hay dampened with clean 
water, so as to make it pliable. Hay containing woody 
matter as stems, etc., should not be fed to an animal af- 
fected with Lumpy Jaw as it tends to aggravate the dis- 
ease. Internally in their drinking water give two drams 
of Potassium Iodide morning and night. This treat- 
ment, however, should be omitted when the animal's skin 
becomes scaly or when an excessive watery discharge 



138 THE VETERINARIAN 

flows from the eyes. On the outer surface over the en- 
largement apply the following ointment : Red Iodide of 
Mercury, four drams; Lard, two ounces. Mix well and 
rub in briskly for twenty minutes every five or six days 
for three weeks. The cure can generally be ascertained 
by the animal gaining in flesh, although the lump may 
remain. Where Lumpy Jaw is of long standing so as to 
impair the use of the animal's tongue or teeth, it is best 
to destroy the animal, as this lessens the possibilities of 
infecting healthy animals. 



LUNG FEVER 

(Pneumonia) 

Cause : Generally follows congestion of the lungs. It 
may be due to parasitic organisms or exposure to cold, 
drafts when warm after being driven, etc. Drenching 
perhaps is the most common cause as it is very difficult 
for a cow to swallow when the head is elevated ; inhaling 
smoke, gases, etc., also tend to produce pneumonia. 

Symptoms : Chilling or shivering, temperature ele- 
vated to 105° or 106° F., nose hot and dry, horns and 
legs cold. Pulse rapid though strong, breathing fast and 
the appetite very good in some cases. The animal uri- 
nates small quantities of urine but often, of a dark amber 
color. A discharge from the nose follows, also a cough. 
If the ear is placed back of the fore leg, a dry crackling 
sound can be heard something on the order of rubbing 
hair between the fingers. 

Treatment : Place the animal in a dry, well lighted 
and ventilated stable, but avoid drafts. Give Pulv. Iodide 
of Ammonia, one ounce; Pulv. Potassium Nitrate, four 
ounces ; Pulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces ; Pulv. Capsicum, 
one ounce ; Quinine, one ounce. Mix well and make into 
thirty-two powders. Place one powder in gelatin cap- 
sule and administer every three or four hours with cap- 
sule gun. Supply the animal with fresh water at all 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 139 

times. Feed laxative food as hot wheat bran mashes or 
steamed rolled oats. Also feed vegetables, such as pota- 
toes, apples, carrots and kale. It is also advisable to ap- 
ply the following over the region of the lungs just back 
of the fore legs : Aqua Ammonia Fort., four ounces ; 
Oil of Turpentine, four ounces; Raw Linseed Oil, six 
ounces. Mix and shake well and apply two or three times 
daily. It is also advisable to hand rub the legs and band- 
age them with woolen cloths. 

If the above treatment is properly carried out, the 
animal will make a complete recovery in a week or ten 

days. 

LOSS OF CUD 

Cause: This condition cannot always be traced to a 
definite cause, as it is a symptom of all diseases where 
the process of rumination is interfered with. The only 
method by which a cow will again chew her cud is to re- 
store her back to health by the proper medical treatment. 
Artificial cuds are of no value and frequently are a det- 
riment to the animal. Other symptoms aside from those 
of the animal not chewing cud will always make their 
appearance, as constipation, diarrhoea, elevation of the 
temperature, etc. The animal should be thoroughly 
examined and the disease treated under its special head- 
ing. 

MANGE 

(Scabies) 
Cause : There are four different parasites which pro- 
duce Mange or Scabies in cattle. However, three of 
these parasites are rarely seen. The Symbotis Com- 
munis is the parasite commonly seen in American cat- 
tle. These parasites multiply very rapidly and are con- 
veyed from diseased animals to healthy ones by their 
bodies coming in contact with one another and by healthy 
animals rubbing against fences, walls, posts, etc., where 
mangy cattle have previously rubbed. 



140 THE VETERINARIAN 

Symptoms: Scabs, loss of hair, intense itching, the 
animals are constantly rubbing or licking themselves. 
The parts showing the first signs of Mange are those 
about the croup, or the root of the tail, the neck and 
withers, but as the disease progresses and no attempts 
are offered for its eradication, it finally spreads and 
covers the entire body. The scabs become ulcerated, the 
animal becomes weakened, emaciated and eventually dies. 

Treatment : Dipping in wood or concrete vats is the 
most satisfactory method of treating Mange. The reg- 
ular lime and sulphur dip as recommended by the United 
States Bureau of Animal Industry is inexpensive and 
effective. 

MEASLY BEEF 
Is produced by a larva of common tapeworm of man. 
These small tapeworm cysts v ( taenia saginata) are about 
the size of a pea and found in the flesh of cattle, which 
become infected by eating food or drinking water which 
has been contaminated by the feces of persons harbor- 
ing adult tapeworms. Then again, the person becomes 
infected by eating raw or rare flesh of cattle infected with 
the larva stage of Measly Beef. Great care should be 
exercised to prevent cattle from becoming infested with 
this parasite. Persons' feces should not be placed where 
it will infect food or drinking water that is consumed by 
cattle. , 

MILK FEVER 
(Parturient Apoplexy) 
Cause: Certain conditions predispose cows to Milk 
Fever, as being heavy milk producers, cows having enor- 
mous digestive power and being heavily fed on nitrog- 
enous food naturally are in a good condition, conse- 
quently at the time of calving, or shortly after, they are 
likely to develop a case of Milk Fever. It is more com- 
mon during summer months, although this condition may 
develop at any time of the year in the type of cow de- 
scribed above. 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 141 

Symptoms : At or a few days after calving, the cow is 
noticed hanging back in the stall, dull, languid, with an 
unsteady movement of the hind legs. If the cow is made 
to walk, she steps unsteadily or staggers, pays no atten- 
tion to her calf; she finally becomes so paralyzed that 
she falls and is unable to rise. The pupils of the eyes are 
dilated and the membranes reddened or congested with 
blood. The cow may lie on her breast or flat on her side, 
but most likely upon her breast and her head turned in 
the region of the flank. She apparently is sound asleep. 
If the eyeball is touched with the fingers she does not 
close the eye, nor will she evince any pain when being 
pricked with a pin on any part of the body. The nose 
is dry, the temperature is below normal in most cases. 
Just how the name of this disease started by the name 
of "Milk Fever" I cannot understand. 

Treatment: When the above signs are noticed, 
whether the cow is standing or lying down in a paralyzed 
condition, obtain an ordinary bulb injection syringe; in- 
sert a tube in the end from which the air escapes. After 
washing both syringe and teat tube in a five per cent so- 
lution of Carbolic Acid, milk or strip out all the milk 
possible from the bag, then insert the teat tube that is 
connected to the syringe in each teat, filling them well 
with air, and repeat this treatment every hour until the 
cow stops staggering, or if lying down, stands on her 
feet. It is necessary to strip the milk from the bag be- 
fore giving an injection of air. If the cow is lying flat 
on her side, prop her up by placing bags of hay or straw 
against her side, also make her as comfortable as pos- 
sible. If lying in the hot sun, provide shade by placing 
a canopy over her made from burlap; if the weather is 
chilly, blanket; if flies annoy her, use some fly repellant. 

This disease is satisfactorily treated. Where ninety 
per cent of the cows died at one time, ninety per cent 
can be saved by the above treatment. It is a custom with 
some people to use an ordinary bicycle pump for treat- 



142 THE VETERINARIAN 

ment of Milk Fever. This should not be practiced, as 
there is great danger of infecting the bag and producing 
serious complications. 

Medical or After Treatment : Never drench a cow. 
Give a physic consisting of Aloin, two drams; Ginger, 
three drams. Place in a gelatin capsule and give with a 
capsule gun. Also, give tonics as Pulv. Gentian Root, 
two ounces ; Pulv. Capsicum, one ounce ; Pulv. Nux Vom- 
ica, two ounces. Mix and place into eight gelatin cap- 
sules. Give one capsule every eight hours. This tonic is 
quite necessary, as it stimulates their appetite, braces up 
their nervous system and prevents any complications 
that might otherwise follow. 



PARALYSIS 

(Congestion of the Brain or Spinal Cord) 
Cause : May be due to a morbid condition of the 
brain or spinal cord, concussion of the spinal cord, 
fractures of the bones of the spinal column, or violent 
shocks or jars of the brain, or pressure due to fractures 
of the skull, or dilated or ruptured blood vessels. Paraly- 
sis also occurs in poorly fed, weak cows when exposed 
to cold or wet weather during the latter stages of preg- 
nancy. Sometimes the b,ack portion of the bowels (the 
rectum) becomes paralyzed so as to interfere with the 
expulsion of the feces which becomes dry and more or 
less impacted. This condition may also occur in connec- 
tion with Ergot, Forage or Lead Poisoning, Milk Fever or 
Parturient Apoplexy. 

Symptoms: Appear very suddenly. The animal is 
unable to stand, lies quietly and groans occasionally. 
Constipation generally accompanies this condition. 
Sometimes great pain is present, especially if due to 
fracture or pressure, as above mentioned. 

Treatment: If just due to weakness; exposure to 
cold, wet weather; cows prior to calving; slight in- 
juries or mild effect of poisons, it is successfully treated 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 143 

by placing the animal in a comfortable, well lighted stall, 
omitting drafts, feeding nourishing food, as warm wheat 
bran mashes, steamed rolled oats or barley and linseed 
meal ; tea to drink prepared as follows : Pour one quart 
of boiling water on one-half pint of Pure Flaxseed, al- 
lowing it to cool, and compel the animal to drink it. Re- 
peat this once or twice daily, especially if the animal is 
pregnant. A physic consisting of Aloin, two drams; 
Ginger, two drams ; prepared in capsule and given with 
a capsule gun is very effective, but this, however, should 
not be administered to heavily pregnant cows. Endeavor 
to move their bowels by careful feeding of laxative food 
and rectal injections of soap and water. Nerve stimu- 
lants are necessary and I have derived good results from 
the following: Pulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces; Pulv. 
Ginger, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces. 
Make into sixteen capsules and give one capsule every 
four or six hours. Also apply powdered mustard, mois- 
tened with a sufficient quantity of water to make a paste, 
and rub over the full length of the spine about eight 
inches in width. This should be covered with paper 
which will adhere readily to the mustard and water. 
This application can be repeated every twenty-four hours 
until satisfactory results have been obtained. 



RED WATER 

(Hematuria) 

Cause: Marshy pastures, water from rich decom- 
posed soil. Vegetation also has a tendency to produce 
it as cattle eating green shoots from oak, ash, hellebore, 
hazel and other resinous plants, etc. 

Symptoms: Bloody urine containing no blood clots. 
This condition is not noticed as a general rule until the 
cow loses flesh and the production of milk is considera- 
bly decreased. One particular symptom of this disease 
is the milk being exceptionally foamy and perhaps tinged 
with blood. If the disease is left to run its course, the 
cow will become emaciated and eventually dies. 



144 THE VETERINARIAN" 

Treatment : Find out the cause and remove it if pos- 
sible. See that the water supply is clean, feed nitrog- 
enous food, as wheat bran mashes or steamed rolled oats. 
Do not permit the animal to eat resinous plants as stated 
above. 

Administer Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces; Pulv. 
Nux Vomica, four ounces; "Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, four 
ounces. Mix and make into sixteen capsules and give 
one capsule two or three times a day with capsule gun. 
If the animal is constipated, give two drams of Aloin, 
three drams of Ginger. Place in capsule and give with 
capsule gun. 

RETAINED AFTERBIRTH 

Cause: Retained afterbirth may follow normal or 
abnormal calving where there has been more or less in- 
flammation of the womb prior to giving birth, which 
causes the afterbirth to adhere firmly to its attachments. 
Cows in poor condition fed on poor food during cold 
weather are very susceptible to this accident; also very 
common in aged cows. 

Symptoms: Very easily detected by portions of the 
membranes (afterbirth) protruding from the Womb or 
Vulva, which becomes decomposed very shortly and offen- 
sive in odor. This accident is very serious when ab- 
sorption is produced, ill health, drying up of the milk in 
addition to producing inflammation of the womb, Whites, 
etc. It may produce blood-poisoning and chances are 
you will lose your animal. 

Prevention : Very important. Feed the cow on food 
that is easily digested and supply her with fresh water 
to drink that is not too cold. Flaxseed Tea is very bene- 
ficial if given a day or so prior to calving and is pre- 
pared by pouring a quart of boiling hot water on one- 
half pint of Flaxseed, permitting it to cool of its own 
accord. Then compel the animal to drink it. This ap- 
pears to have a very good effect on separating the aft- 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 145 

erbirtli from the mushroom-like bodies of the womb to 
which it is attached. 

Medical Treatment : The afterbirth should not be 
pulled away by force, as it may tear, leaving small por- 
tions unremoved that perhaps would result in Inflamma- 
tion of the Womb or Whites. To remove the afterbirth 
insert the hand and carefully detach it from its attach- 
ments, being very careful that the cotyledons are not 
torn off. After this has been carefully removed, wash 
out the womb with Carbolic Acid solution about two and 
one-half per cent. An instrument can be made for this 
purpose very easily from a clean piece of hose about 
four feet long and an ordinary funnel. Sometimes it is 
necessary to give physics, as Aloin, two drams; Ginger, 
two drams. Place in a gelatin capsule and give with 
capsule gun. 

In addition to the above, stimulants are also advisable 
such as powdered Nux Vomica, powdered Capsicum, 
powdered Ginger, powdered Nitrate of Potash, equal 
parts four ounces. Make twenty-four capsules and give 
one capsule three times a day. 



RHEUMATISM 

Cause : Exposure, especially when the animal is per- 
mitted to lie on cold damp soils or floors. Another com- 
mon cause is an animal exposed to cold drafts after per- 
spiring or weakened after severe physical exercise. 

Symptoms: Stiffness when walking, variable appe- 
tite, constipation, hair unthrifty looking. Passage of 
urine is scant and of an amber color, usually slight ele- 
vation in temperature and the animal lies down a great 
part of the time. There are two forms of rheumatism — 
muscular and articular. The former affects the muscles 
of the body, while the latter affects the joints. There 
will be swellings that are tender on pressure, which may 
shift to different parts of the body. 

Treatment: Place the animal in warm dry quarters 

10 



146 



THE VETERINARIAN 



with a sufficient quantity of clean bedding. Feed foods 
that are easily digested, as wheat bran mashes and 
steamed rolled oats and vegetables. Keep pure, cold 
water within the animal's reach at all times. The fol- 
lowing prescription has been found very effective in the 
treatment of this disease : Sodium Salicylate, six ounces ; 
Nux Vomica, two ounces ; Pulv. Gentian Root, two 




Ayrshire Cows Lily of Willowmoor. 

22,106 lbs. Milk; SSS.70 lbs. Fat; 1046 lbs. Butter, 4.02% Fat. 

Gerranton Dora II. 

21,023 lbs. Milk; S04.79 lbs. Fat; 947 lbs. Butter, 3.S3% Fat. 

Owned by J. W. Clise, Redmond, Wash. 

ounces; Nitrate of Potash, two ounces. Mix and make 
into sixteen capsules and give one capsule three times 
daily with capsule gun. If the bowels are constipated 
give Aloin, two drams; Ginger, three drams. Place in 
capsule and give with capsule gun. When the joints or 
muscles become swollen and inflamed, the following lini- 
ment will be found very effective in reducing the swell- 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 147 

ings: Aqua Ammonia Fort., two ounces; Oil of Tur- 
pentine, three ounces ; Sweet Oil, six ounces. Mix and 
apply by rubbing in well two or three times a day. 



RINGWORM 

Cause: Due to a vegetable parasite. It affects the 
hair and the outer layer of skin and is highly contagious, 
being transmitted from one animal to another. 

Symptoms: The disease usually appears in the form 
of circular patches of the skin, which soon become denude 
of hair. Sometimes. a white sticky discharge and the 
formation of scaly, brittle crusts on the patches appear, 
silvery gray in color. They are generally confined to 
the head and neck. It is a common disease among young 
cattle in the Winter and Spring. This disease is at- 
tended with more or less itching and is communicable 
to man. 

Tkeatment : Remove the scabs or crusts with soap 
and warm water. However, the surface of the body 
should be well dried after washing each time. Apply 
Tincture of Iodine with a camel-hair brush to the spots 
denuded of hair. It is quite necessary that the barn and 
rubbing posts be disinfected by spraying or washing 
them with a twenty-five per cent solution of Carbolic 

Acid. 

ROUND WORM 

Cause : An animal swallowing the eggs of the parasite 
in food or water which has been contaminated with the 
feces of infected cattle. There are two species, the large 
Roundworm measuring from five to fourteen inches in 
length, the other small Roundworm varying in size 
from one-quarter of an inch to two inches in length. Both 
the small and large Roundworms infest the intestines 
of cattle and calves. These worms, especially small 
Roundworms, irritate the mucous lining of the intes- 
tines, which may cause severe inflammation. 

Symptoms: Anemia, appetite variable, diarrhoea, 



148 THE VETERINAEIAN 

general weakness, dullness and excessive thirst; also a 
paleness of the visible membranes of the mouth, nose and 
eye. Worms frequently pass with the feces and can be 
readily seen by a close observer. 

Preventive Treatment : See prevention of Twisted 
Stomach Worm. 

Medical Treatment : Withhold all food from eigh- 
teen to twenty-four hours. To calves, two to eight 
months old, give two teaspoonfuls of Turpentine in a pint 
of milk; to yearlings, give one tablespoonful. Place in 
gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. To cattle one 
year old and over place one ounce in a gelatin capsule 
and give with capsule gun. This treatment is to be re- 
peated twice during the intervals of ten days or two 
weeks, which insures the expulsion of the eggs of worms 
that escaped the first treatment. Also keep salt where 
cattle can lick it frequently. 



RUPTURE 
(Abdominal Hernia) 

Cause : This disease occasionally occurs in calves by 
receiving blows from the cow's horns on the right flank. 
After such an accident a swelling forms near the last 
ribs. This swelling may be either hot and painful or soft 
to the touch. It can be made to disappear by careful 
pressure when the sides of the rupture through which 
it has passed can be felt. On removing the pressure the 
rupture soon regains its swollen appearance. Similar 
conditions may also occur in aged cattle, usually due 
to injuries, such as being kicked by a horse, etc., or due 
to a weakness of the muscles that are ruptured some- 
times during difficult birth. 

Treatment: Feed the animal on laxative food and 
feed sparingly on bulky food such as hay, straw and 
grass. Round the edges of a block of wood a little 
smaller, but the same shape as the rupture. After wrap- 
ping with cloth nicely, place it over the rupture, then 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 149 

place around the body. This permits the ruptured mus- 
cles to grow together, providing the animal is properly 
dieted as stated above. 

Sometimes a rupture of long standing or a newly pro- 
duced rupture may be treated by injecting strong solu- 
tions of Common Salt around the torn edges of the mus- 
cles. This causes swelling and inflammation, which re- 
spectively forces the protruded intestines back and closes 
the opening. There is some danger attached to this 
method of treatment, and if attempted I would advise 
the services of a competent Veterinarian. 



SCUM OVER THE EYE 

Cause: See Inflammation of the Eye. 

Symptoms : The eye has a smoke-colored appearance. 

Treatment: Silver Nitrate, two grains, thoroughly 
dissolved in one ounce of Distilled Water. Apply with 
dropper two or three times a day. Feed the animal on 
food that is easily digested and confine the animal to a 
cool, clean, dark stall. 

SORE THROAT 

(Laryngitis and Pharyngitis) 
Cause : Sudden cooling of the surface of the body, as 
when cattle are exposed to cold weather or cold rain or 
the inhaling of irritating gases. 

Symptoms: The muzzle is dry, temperature slightly 
elevated and saliva dribbles from the corners of the 
mouth. The animal either does not swallow, or swallows 
with great difficulty, and holds its head in a stiff, straight 
position, moving it as little as possible. The eyelids are 
half-closed and bloodshot, and the animal occasionally 
grinds the teeth. After masticating the food the animal 
drops it out of its mouth as if to avoid the pain of swal- 
lowing, and also evinces great pain when pressure is 
applied from the outside. In acute attacks of sore 
throat, the animal coughs with great difficulty and 



150 THE VETERINARIAN 

breathes very noisily. The nostrils are dilated and nose 
extended. 

Treatment : Place the animal in as comfortable a 
place as possible, permitting as much fresh air as pos- 
sible, but avoiding drafts. Blanket the animal if the 
weather is chilly, also hand rub the legs and bandage 
with woolen cloths. 

Administer Chlorate of Potash, two ounces ; Nitrate of 
Potash, two ounces; Tannic Acid, one-half ounce; Mo- 
lasses, eight ounces. Mix well and place one tablespoon- 
ful on the tongue every three or four hours. Feed soft 
food, as wheat bran mashes and steamed rolled oats, or 
boiled vegetables. Give drinking water with the chill 
taken off. 

It is always necessary to apply liniments to the throat, 
and I would advise the application of Aqua Ammonia 
Fort., four ounces ; Oil of Turpentine, four ounces, and 
Sweet Oil, four ounces. Apply and rub in well two or 
three times a day. 

STRINGY MILK 

Cause: Cows wading or standing in stagnant pools 
of water. Frequently stringy milk results from fungi 
entering the udder. This takes on an infectious form, 
and several cows may become affected at one time. 

Symptoms : Although the milk appears perfectly nor- 
mal when first milked, it becomes stringy after being let 
stand for a few hours. If a needle is inserted in the 
milk and slowly withdrawn, the milk will adhere to the 
point and have a stringy appearance. If the cow is ex- 
amined carefully, the temperature will be found to be 
elevated a degree or two, the appetite poor and the 
nose dry. 

Treatment: Feed laxative food and see that they 
have fresh water to drink. Also, place two drams of 
Soda Bisulphite once or twice a day in gelatin capsule 
and give with capsule gun. Do not permit the cow to 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 151 

come in contact with stagnant pools of water that carry 
this infection. Perhaps the best plan is to fence out all 
such stagnant pools of water. 



SUPPRESSION OF MILK 

(Absence of Milk) 

Cause: Unusually due to poor health, debility, ema- 
ciated, chronic disease of the bag, or wasting of its 
glands from various diseases or impure food. Some- 
times this condition is produced without any apparent 
cause. 

Tkeatment : Determine the cause, if possible, and 
remove it. Feed warm wheat bran mashes, steamed 
rolled oats or barley. Administer Pulv. Anise Seed, one- 
half ounce, two or three times a day. This has a very 
good effect in this particular condition. Also rub the 
bag and strip the teats often, and apply Oil of Lavender. 
The majority of cases respond to this treatment if not 
due to chronic disease of the bag. 



TAPEWORM 

Cause: Small portions of tapeworms, consisting of 
one or more segments, are occasionally seen in the drop- 
pings of infected cattle. The infection is undoubtedly 
taken in with the food or water, infection being spread 
by the eggs of the parasite, and being expelled with the 
feces of an infected animal. The eggs being swallowed 
by insects, worms or snails, which act as an intermediate 
host, and which when swallowed accidentally by cattle 
while grazing or drinking carry with them into the 
animal's stomach the infectious stage of the tapeworm. 
Aged cattle do not seem to suffer much from tapeworms, 
but in calves these parasites cause scours and rapid 
emaciation. 

Symptoms : Emaciation, diarrhoea, loss of flesh, rave- 
nous appetite, paleness of the mucous membranes of the 



152 THE VETERINARIAN 

mouth and eyes, and the segments of the tapeworms can 
occasionally be seen in the droppings. 

Treatment: Withhold all food from eighteen to 
twenty-four hours, and to calves from two to eight 
months old give two teaspoonfuls of gasoline in a pint 
of milk. To yearlings, place one tablespoonful in a 
gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. To cattle one 
year and over, place one ounce in capsule and give with 
capsule gun. Repeat this treatment two or three times 
during intervals of a week or two. 



TEXAS FEVER 

Cause: Due to a micro organism (Piropalasna Bi- 
genium) which imbeds itself in the red blood corpuscles. 
This disease is transmitted or scattered by means of a 
tick which drops from the affected animal. The disease 
has various names, according to the locality in which 
it appears. Among them are: Spanish Fever, Red 
Water, Black Water, Red Murrian, Australian Cattle 
Tick Fever, etc. 

Symptoms: Loss of appetite. The animal ceases to 
ruminate, or does not chew the cud, and every sign of 
unthriftiness is displayed ; a high temperature, and when 
the animal is standing the back is arched, but the animal, 
however, prefers to lie down most of the time and shows 
desire for solitude. The urine is very dark in color, 
hence the name "Red or Black Water." The disease is 
usually fatal, the animal dies within a few weeks. 

Treatment : My advice is, when this disease once 
develops, or an animal shows any of the particular signs 
that I have mentioned, secure the services of a competent 
veterinarian, who will immunize by the use of serums, 
disinfectants, etc. 

TICKS 
Ticks are very difficult to kill, on account of their pro- 
tected location, as ear ticks are not affected by dipping, 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 153 

and remedies strong enough for this purpose are liable 
to injure the animal, but these parasites may be expelled 
by pouring into the ear Carbolated Sweet or Cottonseed 
Oil with favorable results. 



TUBERCULOSIS 

Cause : The bacilli of Tuberculosis thrive in animals, 
especially those in a weakened condition, or when ex- 
posed to atmospheric changes, unwholesome food, dark 
and poorly ventilated stables. They gain entrance into 
the body through the lungs or the intestinal canal. They 
lodge in various portions of the lungs or intestines, and 
multiply very rapidly, causing irritations and forma- 
tions, nodules, cysts or abscesses. They are the means 
of the bacillus entering the blood, which carries the 
infection to other parts of the body, as the spleen, liver, 
udder, womb, etc. Cows affected with generalized tuber- 
culosis, that is to say, the infection is confined to not 
only a small portion of the lungs, but also to any of 
the above mentioned organs, etc., may give birth to a 
calf having general tuberculosis at birth, or shortly 
after, clue to the cow's blood circulating through the 
body of the calf before birth. 

Symptoms : This disease may pass a casual observer 
unnoticed, although in some instances we notice a slight 
cough, unthriftiness, dullness. ■ The coughing is best 
marked after taking a drink of water in the morning 
and then being exercised. Some animals keep up in good 
condition and look perfectly healthy while some get 
emaciated, have constipation, variable appetite, and 
sometimes growths or abscesses can be felt or seen in 
the udder or glands of the body and neck. 

However, cattle showing any weakness, or the above 
symptoms, should be tested for tuberculosis by a com- 
petent veterinarian who has had the privileges of a 
veterinary education and experience in the administra- 
tion of tuberculin. 



154 THE VETERINARIAN 

Treatment : It is not advisable to treat tuberculosis. 
Thus far, medicine has failed to relieve the affected 
animal, or kill the bacillus of tuberculosis in a living 
animal. The infected animals should be disposed of on 
account of tubercular cows giving birth to tubercular 
calves, the milk being unfit for human consumption, un- 
less it is thoroughly pasteurized. Infected cattle should 
be separated from healthy ones, as the disease spreads 
very rapidly. Drinking and feeding troughs are a 
means of spreading the infection, therefore, suspected 
cases of tuberculosis should be tested and if the animals 
react, they should be slaughtered, and if the disease is 
localized, passed for human consumption. The meat of 
animals suspected of having tuberculosis, or reacting 
from tuberculin test, should be well cooked. 



TWISTED STOMACH WORM 
Cause : Cattle become affected with this worm by 
grazing in pastures in which infested cattle have grazed 
and scattered their droppings. The worms in the 
stomach produce a multitude of eggs of microscopic size, 
which pass out of the body with the feces. In warm 
weather, these eggs hatch in a few hours ; if the temper- 
ature remains about freezing point, they soon die. The 
eggs are also destroyed by dryness, but, on the other 
hand, moisture, if the weather is warm, favors their de- 
velopment. The twisted worm measures one-half inch 
to one and one-half inches in length. 

Symptoms: General weakness, loss of flesh, anemia, 
dullness, capricious appetite, excessive thirst, paleness of 
the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes, 
and dropsical swelling, especially that of the lower jaw. 
Diarrhoea always accompanies this condition and if the 
feces is carefully examined the small worms may be seen 
wriggling about like little snakes, or when an animal 
dies, and the fourth stomach is opened, these worms can 
be seen in large quantities. 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 155 

Treatment: Preventive measures are important, as 
damp, marshy soil favors the development of the em- 
bryos. High sloping ground is preferable for pasture. 
If low ground is used it should be properly drained; 
burning over the pasture will destroy most of the young 
worms on the grass and on the ground. Cattle should 
be supplied with water from flowing streams or wells 
and not stagnant ponds. 

Medical Treatment: Withhold all food for twenty- 
four hours; then administer Oil of Turpentine, placing 
it in an ounce capsule and give with capsule gun. Fol- 
low in six hours with a physic consisting of Aloin, two 
drams; Ginger, two drams. Place in capsule and give 
with capsule gun. When this worm develops in calves, 
give as follows : One dram of Turpentine to a calf three 
months old, four drams to a calf six months old, six 
drams to a yearling. To cattle two years and over, give 
equivalent close, or an ounce. The physic should be 
reduced in the same proportions as that of Turpentine. 



VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS 

(Lung Worms) 

Cause: Due to worm or parasite called Strongylus 
Micrurus, a small thread-like worm two to four inches 
in length, found in the bronchial tubes, a portion of the 
lungs. The life history of this parasite is not known, 
but infection is apparently derived through the medium 
of pastures where infested cattle have grazed. Young 
cattle are more seriously affected than old animals, es- 
pecially common in low marshy pastures. 

Symptoms : This form of bronchitis usually affects the 
entire herd; the animals become poor, unthrifty, hack- 
ing, coughing, especially at night, and sometimes animals 
actually cough up worms. 

Treatment : Various treatments have been recom- 
mended for Verminous Bronchitis, or Lung Worm, as 



156 



THE VETERINARIAN 



injecting Turpentine into the windpipe or fumigating 
animals by placing them in a closed shed or barn and 
burning sulphur, compelling the affected animals to 
inhale the fumes. This treatment perhaps is the safest 
and the most effective. A person should remain in the 
enclosed shed and when the fumes become so strong 
that there is danger of suffocation, open the doors and 
windows. This treatment should be repeated every week 
until coughing ceases. 




HOLSTEIN COW FlNDERNE PRIDE JoHANA EuE 121083. 

28,403.7 lbs. Milk; 1,176.47 lbs. Butter Fat. 

Somerset Holstein Breeders Co., Somerville, N. J. World's Record Cow. 

WARBLES OR GRUBS 

Cause: By the heel-fly or warble-fly. They deposit 
their eggs on the legs of cattle during the fall. The 
animal, licking the parts, takes the eggs into its mouth. 
These eggs gradually migrate into the gullet, where they 
hatch and burrow through the tissues, and in the early 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 15? 

spring will be found in the region of the back in the form 
of small lumps under the skin. 

Symptoms: Warbles are frequently seen under the 
skin in the region of the back and over the loins, and 
are. very tender to the touch. When they are fully de- 
veloped they work their way through the skin, which 
usually occurs in the early part of the summer. Ex- 
amine your cattle in the winter and spring for the 
presence of grubs. They can be easily found by run- 
ning the hand over the loins, by abrupt swellings or 
bunches on the skin. Pressure on the swellings will 
perhaps cause the grubs to pop out. 

Treatment: Remove the grubs by making a small 
incision with a clean, sharp knife in the center of the 
swelling. Then press them out and into each cavity 
from which the grub has been extracted, or squeezed out, 
should be injected a five per cent solution of Carbolized 
Sweet Oil to prevent any further development of flies 
or grubs. Cattle sprayed with fly repellants during the 
spring and summer are very seldom bothered with war- 
bles or grubs. However, this is not practical in range 
cattle; dipping instead should be resorted to-, and it is 
surprising what results will be derived from fly repel- 
lants in a year or two. They will practically exterminate 
the pest, and consequently the cattle are thrifty and look 
much better. 



WARTS 

Cause : Warts may appear on various parts of the 
body, and are due to an abnormal growth of cells growing 
upon the. outer surface of healthy skin, or they may grow 
upon skin that is deprived of the proper blood supply. 

Treatment : If the wart is located where there is 
hair surrounding it, cut away the hair, then wash the 
wart and surrounding parts with a five per cent solution 
of Carbolic Acid and clip the wart off with a sharp pair 
of scissors or knife. After the wart is removed, cau- 



158 THE VETERINARIAN 

terize the cut surface with a hot iron. Caustic Potash 
or Silver Nitrate should be applied two or three times 
at the intervals of two or three days to insure the entire 
extermination of the wart. This same treatment applies 
to all classes of warts located in various places. 



WHITES 

(Leucorrhea) 

Cause : Continual chronic inflammation of the womb, 
or due to irritations from a retained afterbirth. Inju- 
ries or wounds inflicted by hands or instruments in 
difficult calving, diseases of the ovaries, etc. 

Symptoms: A glarish, white discharge from the 
womb. When cow is lying down it flows more abundantly, 
soiling the tail, etc. The general health may not be much 
affected at first, but if the discharge continues and is 
putrid, the health fails, the milk shrinks, and there is a 
great loss of flesh. In some cases heat is more frequent 
or intense than natural, but the animal rarely conceives 
when served, and if she does, is likely to abort. 

Treatment : Feed nitrogenous food. Wash the womb 
out with a solution consisting of five grains of Perman- 
ganate of Potash to one quart of water. This should be 
repeated once or twice a day. If the animal is consti- 
pated, give two drams of Aloin, three drams of Ginger. 
Place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. Also 
place Potassium Iodide one dram, Hyposulphite of Soda 
one ounce in the drinking water two or three times a 
day. This not only diminishes the discharge, but has a 
good effect on the blood, particularly where there is more 
or less decomposition of the flesh. 



WOLF IN THE TAIL 
This condition is imaginary, although the muscles of 
the tail relax or soften, especially those of its extremity, 
due to ill health; consequently the condition of the cow 
should be treated, and not the tail. 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 159 

Treatment: Remove the cause. Perhaps the animal 
has indigestion, or a cold, etc. Determine the malady 
by careful examination and treat the disease under its 
special heading. 

It has been a custom among the so-called cow doctors 
to split the tail with a sharp knife, then fill the wound 
with salt and pepper and bandage with a cloth. This is 
a fallacy, and should not be tolerated. 



INTEREST TABLE 

Six per Cent 



Time. .Amt. 


$1" 


$2 


$3 


$4 


$5 


$6 


$7 


$8 


$9 


$10 


$100 


$1,000 


1 day 
































2 


17 


2 days .... 
































3 


33 


3 days .... 





























1 


• 5 


50 


4 days .... 























1 


1 


1 


7 


67 


5 days .... 

















1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


8 


83 


6 days .... 














1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


10 


1.00 


7 days .... 














1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


12 


1.17 


8 days .... 











1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


13 


1.33 


9 days .... 











1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


2 


15 


1.50 


10 days .... 








1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


2 


2 


17 


1.67 


11 days .... 








1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


2 


2 


18 


1.83 


12 days 








1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


2 


2 


2 


20 


2.00 


13 days .... 








1 


1 


1 


1 


2 


2 


2 


2 


22 


2.17 


14 days .... 








1 


1 


1 


1 


2 


2 


2 


2 


23 


2.33 


15 days .... 





1 


1 


1 


1 


2 


2 


2 


2 


3 


25 


2.50 


16 days .... 





1 


1 


1 


1 


2 


2 


2 


2 


3 


27 


2.67 


17 days 





1 


1 


1 


1 


2 


2 


2 


3 


3 


28 


2.83 


18 days .... 





1 


1 


1 


2 


2 


2 


2 


3 


3 


30 


3.00 


19 days .... 





1 


1 


1 


2 


2 


2 


3 


3 


3 


32 


3.17 


20 days 





1 


1 


1 


2 


2 


2 


3 


3 


3 


33 


3.33 


21 days 





1 


1 


1 


2 


2 


2 


3 


3 


4 


35 


3.50 


22 days 





1 


1 


1 


2 


2 


3 


3 


3 


4 


37 


3.67 


23 days 





1 


1 


2 


2 


2 


3 


3 


3 


4 


38 


3.83 


24 days .... 





1 


1 


2 


2 


2 


3 


3 


4 


4 


40 


4.00 


25 days .... 





1 


1 


2 


2 


3 


3 


3 


4 


4 


42 


4.17 


26 days .... 





1 


1 


2 


2 


3 


3 


3 


4 


4 


43 


4.33 


27 days 





1 


1 ' 


2 


2 


3 


3 


4 


4 


5 


45 


4.50 


28 days 





1 


1 


2 


2 


3 


3 


4 


4 


5 


47 


4.67 


29 days 





1 


1 


2 


2 


3 


3 


4 


4 


5 


48 


4.83 


1 month . . . 


1 


1 


2 


2 


3 


3 


4 


4 


5 


5 


50 


5.00 


2 months . . 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


1.00 


10.00 


3 months .. 


2 


3 


5 


6 


8 


9 


11 


12 


14 


15 


1.50 


15.00 


4 months .. 


2 


4 


6 


8 


10 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


2.00 


20.00 


5 months . . 


3 


5 


8 


10 


13 


15 


18 


20 


23 


25 


2.50 


25.00 


6 months . . 


3 


6 


9 


12 


15 


18 


21 


24 


27 


30 


3.00 


30.00 


7 months . . 


4 


7 


11 


14 


18 


21 


25 


28 


32 


35 


3.50 


35.00 


8 months . . 


4 


8 


12 


16 


20 


24 


28 


32 


36 


40 


4.00 


40.00 


9 months .. 


5 


9 


14 


18 


23 


27 


32 


36 


41 


45 


4.50 


45.00 


10 months .. 


5 


10 


15 


20 


25 


30 


35 


40 


45 


50 


5.00 


50.00 


11 months .. 


C 


11 


17 


22 


28 


33 


39 


44 


50 


55 


5.50 


55.00 


1 year .... 


6 


12 


18 


24 


30 


36 


42 


48 


54 


60 


6.00 


60.00 



From the above table of interest at six per cent one can easily compute 
what the interest on any amount would be at other rates of interest, viz., for 
three per cent take one-half; for seven per cent add one-sixth; for eight per 
cent add one-third, etc. 

160 



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DISEASES OF SWINE 






Causes, Symptoms and 
Treatments 



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11 



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CHAPTER III 



HOG REGULATOR AND TONIC 

Nux Vomica, one pound; Hardwood Charcoal, two 
pounds; Sulphur, two pounds; Common Salt, three 
pounds ; Sulphide of Antimony, one and one-half pounds ; 
Glauber Salts, two pounds; Bicarbonate of Soda, four 
pounds; Hyposulphite of Soda, four pounds; Nitrate of 
Potash, one pound; Quassia, one-half pound; Gentian 
Eoot, one pound; Iron Sulphate, one pound; pulverize 
and mix well. 

To every one hundred pounds of hog weight, give one 
tablespoonful in feed or swill once or twice daily. For 
hogs weighing two hundred pounds, the dose would be 
two tablespoonf uls ; for a hog weighing fifty pounds, one- 
half tablespoonful. 

Hogs, like other animals, require tonics, bowel regu- 
lators and worm expellers. For these purposes, I have 
prescribed under a number of the diseases of hogs, which 
I cover in this chapter, the above general tonic and regu- 
lator which I have used in my personal practice with 
marked success, especially serving the purpose of aiding 
hogs in their convalescence from debilitating diseases 
and in their recovery from a general run-down condition. 

Aside from its general tonic and regulative effect, this 
prescription contains nerve tonics, intestinal antiseptics, 
laxatives, worm expellers, and aids digestion, etc. 

If regularly given to hogs, and sanitary conditions 
are maintained, this tonic and regulator will largely 
fortify them against contagious diseases, 



163 



164 THE VETERINARIAN 

ABORTION 

Cause: Sows may abort at any state of pregnancy 
by slipping, falling, receiving kicks, or by being caught 
while crawling through or under fences. Sows may also 
abort when allowed to crawl into quarters where there 
are other hogs. Contagious diseases, such as Cholera 
and Pleuropneumonia also produce abortion. There is 
also a contagious form of abortion in sows, but this is 
very uncommon, as the disease spreads very slowly. 

Symptoms : There is no warning given, as a rule ; the 
sows expel their pigs before any signs of abortion are 
noticed. 

In other cases the sows refuse to eat, become uneasy, 
shivering and trembling of the muscles, and straining or 
labor pains are noticed. As a rule, when a sow aborts, 
she will not prepare a bed, as she would normally. 

Treatment : Preventive is the only safe and sure 
treatment, although when the first sign of abortion ap- 
pears, and there are no signs of the membranes coming 
away, remove the sow to quiet, warm, clean quarters by 
herself, and if straining, give one dram of Chloral- 
Hydrate in her drinking water every two or three hours. 

When a sow aborts, burn the pigs and afterbirth, and 
disinfect the pens with a Coal Tar disinfectant. Keep 
this up for several days, and do not breed until all dis- 
charges from the vagina have ceased flowing. 



ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINE TO HOGS 

To administer medicine to hogs may seem easy, but, 
nevertheless, it is a difficult task. Never lay a hog on 
his back to drench him, as in so doing there is great 
danger of strangling. The proper method is to stand 
or set him on end, holding him up by the ears, and by 
the use of a bottle with a piece of hose drawn over its 
neck, give the medicine very slowly, so as not to allow 
a large quantity to accumulate in the mouth or throat 



DISEASES OF SWINE 165 

at one time. There is always danger of some of the 
liquid escaping into the lungs and causing the hog to 
strangle, and thus it may produce pneumonia. How- 
ever, this is the best method of giving hogs medicine by 
force. 

Hogs will generally take medicine in their feed or 
drinking water, unless they are very sick, or the medi- 
cine is extremely disagreeable to the taste. 



BAG INFLAMMATION 

Cause: Injuries, obstructed teats, accumulation of 
milk in the sow's bag after the loss of part of or all of 
her litter. Difficult birth, slight wounds in the bag per- 
mit invasion of germs, which is frequently the common 
cause of bag inflammation. 

Symptoms: Heat, pain and swelling in one or more 
teats. The general body temperature is elevated one or 
two degrees above normal. The sow perhaps refuses 
her feed, although she will drink water in large 
quantities. 

Treatment: Feed soft, sloppy food and vegetables. 
Give Epsom Salts, two to four ounces, in milk or feed. 
It is also well to milk the sow by hand, relieving her of 
the milk three or four times a day. This is very nec- 
essary. Camphorated Oil is very soothing, and I would 
recommend its use freely only over affected teats. 



BLACK TOOTH 

Cause : Black Tooth, so called in swine, is principally 
due to injuries to the teeth received by chewing hard 
matter, such as bone, etc., which causes them to decay. 

Symptoms: Toothache. Toothache in swine is sim- 
ilar to that exhibited by man, in showing loss of appe- 
tite, salivation, or slobbering, hanging the head mostly 
to the side which is affected, loss of fear of man, and 
offensive breath. If the hogs are fed on strongly acid 
food for any length of time, their teeth may become 



166 THE VETERINARIAN 

dark colored. As the teeth, are not materially injured, 
so long as decayed tooth substance cannot be noticed, 
and while the appetite and chewing facilities of the hog 
do not appear to be diminished, no interference will be 
necessary. 

It is customary with some people to examine the teeth 
of hogs, and if one tooth is found darker colored than 
the others, it is supposed to be the cause of the hog not 
doing well, if he is in a poor condition, and the tooth is 
hammered off flush with the jaw, leaving the broken 
roots, lacerated gums and nerves to increase the hog's 
suffering. If the hog recovers, it is often concluded that 
this was a case of Black Tooth. 

My advice is, if you are determined to have the tooth 
out, extract it properly. Do not break it off. When 
your hogs are not thriving, give them the regulator and 
tonic prescribed on the first page of this chapter. 



BLOOD POISONING 

.(Pyemia Septicemia) 

Cause : Due to the toxic substance produced by germs 
that invade wounds, bruises, abscesses, or womb follow- 
ing farrowing, if lacerated. 

Symptoms: The seat of injury becomes swollen, pus 
may adhere to the hair, temperature elevated, appetite 
poor, hog moves about very slowly, becomes separated 
from the rest of the drove, lies around in some cool, 
quiet place, eventually becomes very weak and poor and 
dies, if good attention is not given. 

Treatment: Separate from the other hogs and re- 
move to a clean, comfortable place and wash the seat 
of injury with some good disinfectant, as a five per cent 
Carbolic Acid solution. In case of abscess, open it low 
so as to assure good drainage. Keep clean, cool water 
before your hogs at all times. Give mashes made from 
wheat bran and hot water, or any good, substantial food 
that is easily digested containing regulator and tonic 
prescribed on the first page of this chapter. 






DISEASES OF SWINE . 167 

BRONCHITIS 

Cause : Lung worms, poorly ventilated sleeping quar- 
ters, sleeping in straw stacks, in manure heaps, over- 
heated, filthy pens, where the animals inhale irritating 
gases given off the bodies of other hogs, and from filth. 
Smoke and dust are very common producers of 
bronchitis. 

Symptoms : Breathing fast, appetite poor, slight rise 
in temperature and coughing. The hog is dull and 
stupid, refuses food, but drinks water frequently. 

Treatment: Preventive; avoid the above named 
causes, but when hogs become affected, move them to 
clean, well ventilated quarters, avoiding dust and gases, 
disinfect bedding and floors with some good disinfectant, 
as Crude Carbolic Acid, sprayed. Also give large doses 
of the hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on the first 
page of this chapter. Feed vegetables, or any easily 
digested food, and hot wheat bran mashes. 

In case the disease is due to lung worms, confine the 
animals in a closed shed and permit them to inhale the 
steam from Turpentine and water for a few minutes, by 
placing water and Turpentine in a tin receptacle holding 
about two gallons, and inserting heated bricks or stones 
into the solution. 

CASTRATION 

This is generally understood by every stockraiser, 
yet there are some points many do not know. For 
instance, you should use in this operation an antiseptic 
solution, as Carbolic Acid or Bichloride of Mercury. 
Wash thoroughly with antiseptic yours hands and knife, 
also the seat of operation and make your incision as low 
as possible to permit the pus to drain out nicely. If this 
is not practiced, the pus will become absorbed into the 
blood, producing blood poison, which may produce death, 
or at the best will cause the hog to become stunted, 
whereas, if the operation is performed properly, the hog 



168 THE VETERINARIAN 

will thrive, regardless of the shock from the operation. 
I may add that it is much better to castrate pigs or 
hogs when their stomach and intestines are empty, and 
it is always good practice to feed laxative and easily 
digested foods sparingly after this operation. 



CHOKING 

Cause : Vegetables, such as potatoes, etc., roots, as 
carrots, turnips and sometimes pieces of bone or glass, 
lodge in the gullet. Paralysis of the muscular fibres of 
the gullet is a very common cause of choking in swine. 

Symptoms : The hog is unable to swallow, producing 
frothing at the mouth and, if the obstruction cannot be 
dislodged, death occurs in a very short time. Some- 
times the obstruction in the gullet may be felt from the 
outside with the hand. 

Tkeatment : The administration of small doses of 
Raw Linseed or Olive Oil, or Lard, will assist in dislodg- 
ing the obstruction. Also careful manipulation of the 
gullet from the outside with the hand assists in either 
forcing it into the stomach or bringing it out through 
hog's mouth. If vomiting can be produced, it will dis- 
lodge the obstruction. If immediate results are not 
obtained from the above treatments, I would recommend 
butchering the hog for meat immediately. 



COLD IN THE HEAD 

(Nasal Catarrh) 

Cause: Exposure to cold; a very common condition 
in cold, wet weather when hogs are allowed to sleep in 
manure heaps, straw stacks, or pile up together, when 
they become overheated and later chill. Nasal Catarrh 
may also be due to inhaling dust or irritating gases. 

Symptoms : The animal is stupid and feverish, cough- 
ing and sneezing frequently; appetite is poor, eyes 
watery and inflamed; a discharge of mucus from the 
nose will terminate in yellow pus and the nose, if ex- 
amined, is found to be inflamed and ulcerated. 



DISEASES OF SWINE 169 

Treatment : The best and safest treatment is to pro- 
vide clean sleeping quarters, avoid overcrowding in 
dusty, dirty sheds, especially during cold weather. Pigs 
affected with cold in the head should be fed on laxative 
food, such as boiled carrots, potatoes, apples, hot wheat 
bran mashes and steamed rolled oats. 

Medical Treatment: Confine the affected hogs to a 
shed, close windows and doors and any large cracks; 
then compel them to inhale steam from the following 
mixture : Turpentine, eight ounces ; Pine Tar, one pint ; 
Water, two gallons. Place in tin receptacle in center of 
shed and heat the above solution by adding hot bricks 
or stones to the mixture occasionally. Compel the hogs 
to inhale this steam for at least thirty minutes twice a 
day. Give Chlorate of Potash in twenty grain doses 
three times a day in feed or drinking water. This treat- 
ment is very successful if the inflammation has not 
extended to the lungs. 

DIARRHOEA IN YOUNG PIGS 

(Scours) 

Cause: Decomposed foods, slops, etc., fed to the 
mothers, causing them to give toxic milk. Poorly ven- 
tilated, filthy, cold and damp pens, insufficient exercise, 
lack of sunlight, raising pigs by hand or with other sow. 

Symptoms: Frequent movement of the bowels, the 
passage being of a grayish-white color and the odor very 
disagreeable. At this stage of the disease, reliable reme- 
dies must be given or the pig will die very soon. 

The discharge from the bowels becomes very thin, the 
tail and legs become soiled, loss of appetite, the pigs 
become weak and dull, hair rough and it is difficult for 
them to move about. In very young pigs, treatment is 
of little value. 

Treatment : As Scours in pigs is a disease frequently 
caused by faulty food and insanitary surroundings, a 



170 THE VETERINARIAN 

preventive treatment is of great importance, and muck 1 
better results are thus obtained than by the use of 
medical agents. Medical treatment consists in first 
cleaning away the irritant present in the bowels. For 
this purpose give one to two tablespoonfuls of Castor Oil. 
At the time of farrowing all sows should receive a light 
diet and be kept in clean, dry quarters. The pigs should 




Chester Whites. 
Owned by C. A.. Slepicka, Tobias, Nebr. 

be allowed pure air, sunshine and exercise. If the sow 
appears hot and feverish, give one to three ounces of 
Castor Oil in milk or swill. Avoid feeding decomposed, 
moldy food, or sour milk. To check the diarrhoea in 
pigs, use the folloAving after the irritant is removed or 
cleaned out as above stated: Zinc Sulphocarbolates, 
thirty grains; Protan, two ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, 



DISEASES OF SWINE 171 

two ounces. Make into sixty capsules or powders and 
give one, three or four times a day. The sow should 
receive a dose about eight times the size of that of the 

pigs. 

HOG CHOLERA 

Cause : By the Bacillus Sius ; contaminated food, 
stagnant water, filth, etc., all have a tendency to aid its 
progress. I have seen farms, although located in sec- 
tions where Cholera was prevalent, not in the least 
troubled with the malady, perhaps due to careful feed- 
ing of clean foods, care in watering, cleanliness about the 
pens and sheds and disinfecting occasionally, but no 
doubt a better explanation is that those hogs received 
tonics, containing worm expellers, at least four times a 
year. Many a case of supposed Hog Cholera is due to 
worms irritating and producing inflammation of the in- 
testines, followed* "by diarrhoea. A person not familiar 
with the disease calls this "hog cholera." In other 
cases, hogs which are fed swills from restaurants, hotels, 
etc., containing soap, washing powders, small particles of 
glass, etc., will die with symptoms leading a person to 
think they had Hog Cholera, but if a thorough investiga- 
tion is made the true cause of death can easily be discov- 
ered. 

Symptoms: In true Hog Cholera, the temperature 
will be elevated two to four degrees above normal. 
There will be a loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhoea, al- 
though there may be constipation when the hog is first 
affected. The hog wanders off by itself to some cool, 
quiet place and lies down. When it walks it will stagger 
and show great stiffness in its hind parts, due to sore- 
ness of the intestines. The hair will have a roughened 
appearance, the back arched, the eyes inflamed and dis- 
charging pus, red blotches will show themselves back of 
the ears, inside the legs and on the abdomen. At this 
stage the diarrhoea is watery, dark and tinged with 
blood, and very offensive in odor, breath is very fast and 
labored. The hog grows very weak and dies. 



172 THE VETERINARIAN 

Treatment: Prevention mnst always be borne in 
mind. Do not feed filthy food. Always feed good, 
wholesome food, and give clean water to drink. Watch 
the condition of hog's bowels and regulate them by feed- 
ing. Burn manure and bedding and disinfect carefully. 
Do not permit your hogs to drink out of running streams 
of water, especially if Hog Cholera is in your neighbor- 
hood. When buying hogs, it is well to keep them off by 
themselves for two or three weeks, as they may be dis- 
eased. Do not permit neighbors, their stock or dogs on 
your premises when Hog Cholera is raging, as the infec- 
tion of Hog Cholera can be spread very rapidly by 
matter from the affected hogs adhering to the shoes of 
man, to the feet of stock and dogs, etc. 

I am positive that if this method were properly prac- 
ticed by all hog raisers and feeders, Hog Cholera would 
be a very rare disease. 

Serum Treatment : This is successful in some cases, 
and in others unsuccessful. The latter perhaps is due 
to poor serums, or the disease being so far advanced in 
its progress that the hogs are beyond recovery. Serum 
treatment is very expensive and, as it requires a strictly 
septic operation of injecting the serum, the average hog 
raiser or grower is not qualified to administer the treat- 
ment properly. An additional and necessary expense is 
the services of a Veterinary Surgeon. Therefore, I 
strongly urge adoption of preventive measures as stated. 
Use some good disinfectant, such as Crude Carbolic Acid, 
which destroys the Bacillus of Hog Cholera. Also ad- 
minister hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on first 
page of this chapter. This will expel worms, tone the 
system, regulate the bowels and fortify your hogs against 

Hog Cholera. 

INDIGESTION 

Cause : Worms are perhaps one of the most common 
causes. Unwholesome, irritating food or swill contain- 
ing soap or washing powder have a tendency to derange 
the process of digestion. 



DISEASES OF SWINE 173 

Symptoms: Abdominal pain, vomiting, back arched, 
breathing rapid and temperature elevated from two to 
three degrees. There may be diarrhoea or the animal 
may be constipated. Vomiting, as a rule, relieves acute 
attacks by expelling the irritant from the bowels. When 
it takes a chronic form, the hogs become stunted. 

Treatment: Endeavor to find out the cause and re- 
move it. If constipated, give Calomel, fifteen to twenty 
grains, or, if diarrhoea appears, give hog regulator and 
tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter. Feed 
with hot wheat bran mashes. This will expel all worms 
and aid digestion. 



JAUNDICE 

(Yellows) 

Cause: Liver flukes, intestinal worms, gall stones, 
lack of exercise, overfeeding, or a stoppage of the bile 
duct. 

Symptoms: The white portions of the eyes take on 
a yellow color, as do the membranes of the mouth, back 
arched, hair looks rough, vomiting, temperature elevated, 
constipation, although diarrhoea is sometimes noticed. 
The urine is passed frequently, and is of a dark amber 
color. 

Treatment: This disease requires careful feeding 
and plenty of exercise. Give Calomel, ten to twenty 
grains, then follow with large doses of regulator and 
tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter. It is 
important in this disease, especially if due to worms. 
Feed clean swill and vegetables. Give hogs all the pure 
water they will drink. 

KIDNEY CONGESTION 

Cause: Hogs are subject to various injuries about 
the kidneys, due to a large number of hogs piling up, 
exposure to cold, wet rains, etc. 

Symptoms : Small quantities of dark colored urine are 



174 



THE VETERINARIAN 



passed frequently, appetite poor, no energy to move 
about. Hogs lie around a great deal ; at times they may 
be paralyzed and drag their hind quarters. 

Treatment: Apply cloths or blankets wrung out of 
hot water over the loin; also give Potassium Acetate in 
twenty grain doses four or five times a day in drinking 
water. Feed soft, sloppy food, containing regulator and 
tonic as prescribed on the first page of this chapter. It 
contains nerve stimulants, just what is required in 
paralysis. 




Grand Champion Duroc Boar. 
Economy Stock Farm, Shenandoah, Iowa. 



KIDNEY WORM 

Cause: Damp, filthy surroundings seem to favor the 
growth of embryos of this worm. They are taken into 
the digestive canal with the food and eventually pass to 
the region of the kidneys, where they find conditions 
favorable in which to multiply. 

Symptoms : May produce paralysis of the hind quar- 
ters, in which case the animal would not exhibit such 



DISEASES OF SWINE 175 

marked tenderness on being pressed over the loins with 
the fingers as it would if the weakness of the hind quar- 
ters was due to a sprain or to rheumatism of the loins. 
Occasionally hogs may suffer from the presence of one 
or more worms in the kidneys ; but the ailment is rarely 
fatal, becoming so only after a long time of suffering 
resulting in a degeneration of one or both kidneys. It 
is almost impossible to diagnose the presence of worms 
in the kidneys of hogs, except by chance through a micro- 
scopic examination of the urine. If worms are found in 
the kidneys of a hog that has died or been slaughtered 
for food it may then be reasonably supposed that other 
hogs of the same herd not acting normal are infected 
with worms of the same species. 

Treatment : Teaspoonful closes of Turpentine in milk 
three times a week is the only treatment I could recom- 
mend. Preventive measures is the only practical method 
of treating a disease of this nature. Give your hogs pure 
water and food. Disinfect pens occasionally and keep 
them clean. 

LICE ON HOGS 
Dip, spray or scrub your hogs with some good Coal 
Tar disinfectant, but whatever remedy is used it should 
be applied more than once which, of course, causes con- 
siderable work where there is a large number of hogs 
infested, unless dipped, which is more quickly done. 
The reason for repeated applications being necessary is 
that although the lice which hogs pick up from the 
ground, bedding and rubbing places, may be killed by 
first application, it often does not affect the nits, which 
remain intact and hatch within a week or ten days. A 
new crop of Lice appears on the hog from this source. 
Remove all manure and bedding from pens and sheds 
and burn it. Disinfect floors and spray sides of shed, 
pens and rubbing places with disinfectants, one part to 
seventy-two parts of water, once a month and you will 
be handsomely repaid for your labor. 



176 THE VETERINARIAN 

LUNG FEVER 

(Inflammation of the Lungs) 
Cause: Sudden changes, exposure to storms, piling" 
up of hogs during cold nights, or sleeping in manure 
heaps, old straw stacks, etc. 

Symptoms : Pig or hog is taken with shivering spells, 
is stupid, his back is arched, loss of appetite, temperature 
elevated two to four degrees above normal, short hurried 
breathing, generally accompanied with cough, which is 
deep and hoarse. As a rule the hog is constipated. 

Teeatment: Place in good, clean, warm, well venti- 
lated quarters, free from drafts. Keep water before 
them at aU times, adding Saltpeter, one teaspoonful to 
every gallon of water. If constipated, do not give 
physics; give injections of soap and warm water; also 
administer about one-half teaspoonful of Pine Tar on 
the tongue with a wooden paddle. This adheres to the 
tongue and gradually dissolves and gives excellent re- 
sults, as it is very soothing to the organs of breathing. 
During the convalescent stage, give hog regulator and 
tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter. 



LUNG WORMS 

Cause : By threadlike worms varying in length from 
one-half to one and one-half inches and of a brownish- 
white color. They are found in the windpipe and tubes 
leading into the lungs. The adult worms in the lungs 
produce large quantities of eggs, which are coughed up 
with mucus and become scattered over premises where 
other hogs are permitted to walk. The hogs inhale the 
dust containing the eggs into their lungs, where the eggs 
find moisture sufficient for their development. 

Symptoms: Severe coughing spells. Large quanti- 
ties of mucus will escape from the nose and mouth. 
The hog becomes stunted, although he may eat fairly 
well, but if not relieved, the worms collect in the Bronchi 



DISEASES OF SWINE 177 

and produce sudden death due to suffocation. The 
worms may set up an inflammation of the lining mem- 
branes of the lungs, which is sometimes taken for Swine 
Plague, or Cholera. This disease is not uncommon, es- 
pecially in old, filthy, poorly drained hog houses and 
pastures. 

Treatment: Confine the affected hogs to a shed; 
close the windows and doors and any large cracks, then 
compel the hogs to inhale steam from the following 
mixture : Turpentine, eight ounces ; Pine Tar, one pint ; 
Water, two gallons. Place in tin receptacle in center of 
the shed and heat the above solution by adding hot 
bricks or stones to the mixture occasionally. Compel 
them to inhale this steam for at least thirty minutes 
twice a day. Feed wholesome food to which add hog- 
tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter. A 
strong, vigorous hog may have worms, but it retains its 
vitality so long as it is well fed. 



MANGE 

Cause : By the Sarcoptes Scabei. This parasite bur- 
rows under the outer surface of the skin. 

Symptoms: The parasite usually manifests itself on 
the skin under the armpits, thighs and inside of the 
fore legs. At first small red blotches or pimples appear, 
and these gradually spread as the parasites multiply and 
burrow under the skin. 

Treatment: There is no other way of curing this 
disease, or of preventing it, than by killing the parasites 
and their eggs ; not only on the pigs themselves, but also 
on the sides of the pens, sheds, rubbing-posts, or any- 
thing that an affected hog rubs against. 

When treating this disease, the real aim must be to 
kill the parasite by the prompt and continuous use of 
external remedies, such as washing or dipping, which 
is better done with some good disinfectant, one part to 

12 



178 THE VETERINARIAN 

seventy parts water. Repeat this every ten days until 
cured. Two dippings are generally sufficient. It is well 
to feed cooling foods, such as clean slops and vegetables, 
containing regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page 
of this chapter. 

NAVEL RUPTURE 

(Navel or Umbilical) 

Cause: Injuries. Pigs crowding through narrow 
doorways or openings in fences, small pigs sleeping with 
large pigs, and allowed to pile up, or being thrown about 
feed troughs when feeding. Weakness and constipa- 
tion also predisposes them to Navel or Umbilical 
Rupture. 

Symptoms: A soft, puffy swelling about the navel 
or umbilicus, varying in size from a hazelnut to that of 
an ostrich egg. When a pig is placed on its back the 
intestines will gravitate into the abdominal cavity, pro- 
viding the intestines have not adhered to the walls of 
the rupture. 

Treatment: This is more difficult than the Scrotal 
or Inguinal Rupture operation, as often times the intes- 
tines will adhere to the inner surface of the rupture and, 
unless the operation is carefully performed, there is 
great danger. Great care must be exercised in prepar- 
ing the pig by fasting it for twenty-four hours. After 
this is accomplished, prepare an antiseptic solution, 
Carbolic Acid, five per cent, or Bichloride of Mercury, 
one in one-thousandths ; also have a needle and absorbent 
silk or cat-gut ready. Place the pig on its back, with its 
head downward. Now, wash the seat of operation with 
either antiseptic solution. Then make an incision 
through the skin carefully; as stated before, intes- 
tines sometimes adhere to the inner surface of the rup- 
ture. If such is the case, wash the hands in the anti- 
septic solution and with the fingers carefully break the 
adhesions or separate the intestines from their adhe- 



DISEASES OF SWINE 179 

sions. After this is accomplished, sew the inner lining 
of the abdominal cavity with absorbent silk or cat-gut. 
Then sew the outer skin with cotton or linen cord and 
your operation is complete. Feed the hog sparingly for 
a few days following the operation on easily digested, 
laxative foods. 

NETTLE RASH 

(Urticaria) 

Cause: Irritations of the skin produced by sprink- 
ling hogs with irritating solutions and powders, or from 
irritating dips when treating for lice, etc. Feeding 
highly nitrogenous food predisposes hogs to this disease ; 
also filth, poorly drained sheds and pens; is especially 
common in young pigs. Nettle Rash is not contagious, 
but what produces it in one hog may produce it in several 
at the same time. 

Symptoms : Red, swollen blotches appear on the skin 
very suddenly, especially about the ears and the inside 
of the thighs, perhaps due to the skin being thin and 
deprived of hair. The hog rubs it on account of the 
intense itching, and he will not thrive when in this con- 
dition. In most cases there is a fluid oozing from the 
blotches, causing dirt and filth to adhere to the hair. 
However, if the disease is properly treated, a recovery 
is sure to follow in about two weeks. 

Tkeatment: Prevention against this disease is most 
important, and it consists in keeping shoats and pigs 
in clean, well ventilated sheds and pens. Do not sprinkle 
them with irritating solutions or powders, or irritating 
dips, but when the disease once shows itself give each 
pig or hog affected a dose of Epsom Salts, one ounce, 
to every twenty-five pounds of hog weight, in feed, swill 
or drinking water. If the weather is hot, keep them in 
a clean, cool place, also purify their blood by feeding 
regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this 
chapter. 



180 



THE VETERINARIAN 



Apply some good Coal Tar disinfectant, one part to 
one hundred parts of water. This is non-irritating, and 
will destroy hog lice, and will heal the pustules of nettle 
rash. Apply twice ten days apart. It also must be 
borne in mind that pens and sleeping quarters must be 
disinfected; the old bedding and manure burned and 
replaced with good, clean straw or hay. Feed easily 
digested food, slops, etc. 




5 ion Poland China Boar King Hadley 
Owned by W. J. Baker, Kick Hill, Mo. 



PARALYSIS OF THE HIND QUARTERS 
Cause : There are a great many things that may pro- 
duce paralysis of the hind quarters. For instance, ship- 
ping hogs in crates; fractions of thigh bones; Rickets, 
due to feeding food that is deficient in mineral matter; 
hogs piling up ; kicks or injuries to the back ; frequently 
seen in sows nursing a litter of pigs and in a run-down 
condition. Constipation and indigestion also produce 
paralysis of the hind quarters. Some think it is caused 
by worms in the kidneys; this is not always the case. 
It is true that the presence of a parasite around the 



DISEASES OF SWINE 181 

kidneys may cause irritation of the nerves of the spinal 
column and result in paralysis. Yet, it is more often the 
result of weakness and loss of nervous power of the hind 
parts. 

Symptoms: Regardless of the cause, the symptoms 
in either case, for they cannot be distinguished, are 
weakness of the back, wriggling of the hind parts, and 
finally the hogs sit down on their haunches. After some 
effort, they get up and run in a straight line quite fast, 
but swing to one side for a while and then go over to 
the other side, and finally get down so that they cannot 
rise, but drag themselves about. The appetite is good 
until a day or two before they die. 

Treatment: Place the hog in clean, comfortable 
quarters, with plenty of fresh water to drink. Give sour 
milk, fruit or vegetables, containing regulator and tonic 
as prescribed on first page of this chapter. It contains 
nerve stimulants and blood purifiers. If the hog is con- 
stipated, add two to four ounces of Epsom Salts to its 
feed. 

Treatment of all such cases requires perseverance, 
recovery being slow and not always certain. 



PILES 

(Prolapse of the Anus) 

Cause: Although the pig may look well, he has a 
weakness of the circular fibres of the intestines, due to 
irritating foods that either constipate or produce 
diarrhoea. 

Symptoms: Very plain. A protrusion of the rectum 
all the way from two to four inches. The pig irritates 
the protrusion by rubbing it against the sides of pens, 
etc. ; it cracks, bleeds and in warm weather will become 
fly-blown and maggots accumulate in large quantities. 

Treatment: In the first stages of this disease, wash 
the protruded parts with an antiseptic solution of Car- 



182 THE VETERINARIAN 

bolic Acid, one teaspoonful to a pint of water. Give 
rectal injections of Soap and Warm Water or Sweet 
Oil, give about two ounces of Castor Oil internally and 
feed soft, sloppy food. In chronic cases of long stand- 
ing, remove the exposed portion of the intestine after 
washing nicely with the antiseptic solution. Remove 
the protrusion with a sharp knife and stitch the cut end 
of intestine edges to the anus. Feed easily digested food, 
such as wheat bran, mixed with flaxseed meal on which 
boiling hot water has been poured, cooling before feed- 
ing. Also give regulator and tonic as prescribed on first 
page of this chapter. 

PIN WORMS 

Cause: Hogs consume the eggs that encapsule well 
matured embryonic worms with their food or drinking 
water. These worms multiply very rapidly in the small 
intestines and are from one-half to one inch in length. 

Symptoms: No signs are noticed unless the worms 
are very abundant, as they are small and difficult to see 
with the naked eye. The principal point of attack is in 
the back part of the small intestines, where considerable 
inflammation is set up, especially when there are other 
worms, such as the Roundworm, present. 

Treatment: Is of little value, as the worms in the 
intestines are very difficult to get at, but as their pres- 
ence causes very little disturbance, it is hardly worth 
while treating; however, preventive measures should be 
applied by disinfecting, burning manure and bedding. 

The following has proven a very effective treatment 
for Pinworms: Powdered Quassia, one pound; Sul- 
phur, two pounds; Glauber Salts, one pound; Powdered 
Tobacco, one-half pound; Sulphide of Antimony, one 
pound; Hyposulphite of Soda, two pounds; Beechwood 
Charcoal, one pound; Common Salt, two pounds. 

The above must be well powdered and thoroughly 
mixed. Give one heaping teaspoonful to every one hun- 



DISEASES OF SWINE 183 

dred pounds of hog weight. To small pigs, give doses 
in proportion to weight. Place it in their feed or slop 
twice a day. In addition to being a vermifuge, it is an 
alterative and tonic that should be given pigs and hogs 
which do not thrive properly. Best results are obtained 
in treatment of Pinworm when the principal food con- 
sists of vegetables, mashes and slops. 



PLEURISY 

Cause: Exposure to cold, damp, chilly weather, es- 
pecially to drafts, or by a large number of hogs being 
allowed to pile up during cold nights, etc. 

Symptoms: Chilling, temperature elevated two or 
three degrees above normal; breathing fast. The hog 
will show great pain when pressed over the lungs by 
flinching, squealing or grunting; coughing suppressed, 
ribs rigid; breathing mostly with the muscles of the 
flanks ; appetite poor and eventually there will be fluids 
accumulate in the lung cavities. At this stage, the 
breathing is labored and difficult. If the ear is pressed 
over the lungs, the fluids can be heard, and in the first 
stage the sound will be similar to that of rubbing hair 
between the finger and thumb. 

Treatment: Eemove the cause. The treatment is 
satisfactory if applied in due time. Place in clean, com- 
fortable shed, seeing that it is well ventilated, omit 
drafts ; apply equal parts of Aqua Ammonia Fort., Tur- 
pentine and Sweet Oil over the lungs and give two or 
four ounces of Castor Oil in milk. Feed easily digested 
food, such as hot wheat bran mashes, containing hog 
regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this 
chapter. It is also well to feed vegetables. 



RHEUMATISM 
Cause: Exposure, as in cold, damp houses. Over- 
feeding also has a tendency to cause swellings of the 
joints and muscles. 



184 THE VETERINARIAN 

Symptoms: Lameness of one or more limbs, swelling 
of the joints about the legs and feet. The hog does not 
care to move, refusing its feed in most cases ; tempera- 
ture slightly elevated; breathing quick and short; he 
will drink water frequently if offered. 

Treatment : I am of opinion that Rheumatism in 
hogs would be a very rare disease if they were properly 
provided with clean, dry quarters, with a liberal quantity 
of bedding. Do not allow hogs to pile up, as it- is very 
injurious to them. 

Medical Treatment : Consists of feeding sloppy food 
to which add one-half dram of Sodium Salicylate two or 
three times a day in their feed. Vegetables and green 
grass are very beneficial in this disease, as they have a 
cooling effect on the blood. The hog tonic and regulator 
recommended on first page of this chapter is very bene- 
ficial when given with food of a sloppy nature. 



RICKETS 

Cause : Food deficient in mineral matter or lime ; 
filth, lack of exercise, and crowded quarters, all tend to 
produce a softening of the bones and swelling of the 
joints. 

Symptoms: The pigs affected generally appear in 
good condition and seem to be doing well, but suddenly 
they become paralyzed in the hind quarters, owing to the 
weakened condition of the bones, which sometimes frac- 
ture without receiving injury or any additional weight 
to that of the pig itself. The bones of the snout, back, 
limbs and feet bend and become deformed. The pigs 
grow weak, poor and stunted and perhaps the best treat- 
ment is to destroy them. 

Preventive Treatment : Careful feeding of good, 
wholesome food. This disease is very seldom seen where 
hogs are frequently fed corn. 

Medical Treatment : When the first signs of Rickets 



DISEASES OP SWINE 185 

appear, feed regulator and tonic as prescribed on first 
page of this chapter. It contains the mineral matter 
needed by the hog. 

ROUND WORMS 

Cause: Is undoubtedly due to filth or hogs eating 
food or drinking water contaminated with well developed 
eggs or embryos of roundworms, thus taking them into 
their digestive canal, where they multiply rapidly and 
set up considerable irritation. This worm varies in 
length from three to thirteen inches, and is of a reddish- 
brown color. 

Symptoms: The Roundworm is generally passed 
with the feces, and can be readily seen with the naked 
eye. A hog infested with a large number of these worms 
is generally restless, appetite varied. When these 
worms develop in large numbers, they obstruct the in- 
testines. In other cases they irritate and inflame the 
intestines causing inflammation and diarrhoea, and death 
may be due to either obstruction or inflammation of the 
bowels. 

Treatment: Treatment is very satisfactory. With- 
hold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours. Then 
place in one pint of finely ground feed, Calomel and San- 
tonin, each five grains to every one hundred pounds of 
hog weight. For instance, if the hog affected with round 
worms weighs two hundred pounds, double the dose by 
giving ten grains of each of the above, but if the hog 
only weighs fifty pounds, give one-half the dose men- 
tioned, or two and one-half grains of each. This treat- 
ment should be repeated in a week or ten days to assure 
the expulsion of worms that might have survived the 
first dose. Feed sparingly on laxative food, as bran 
mashes and vegetables, for a few days following each 
treatment. 



186 THE VETERINAEIAN 

RUPTURE 

(Scrotal or Inguinal) 

Definition : In the male the intestines pass through 
the wide Inguinal Canal, through which the cord of the 
testicle passes. It is not difficult to recognize this form 
of rupture, as the scrotum that normally retains only 
the testicles is usually enlarged by the bowels en- 
tering it. Sometimes the scrotum almost reaches the 
ground, and in this case, both sides of the scrotum, or 
the sack which contains the testicles, also contains intes- 
tines. If the pig is held up by the hind parts, the in- 
testines will gravitate back into the abdominal cavity, 
but as soon as a pig lies down or stands they again return 
into the scrotum. The testicles can be located at the 
bottom of the enlargement. 

Cause : Hereditary tendencies predisposes them to 
rupture; pigs having large Inguinal Canals through 
which the testicle passes; by pigs being crowded, in- 
jured, squeezed at troughs, or passing through narrow 
doorways. Weakness and severe straining from consti- 
pation also produce rupture. 

Symptoms: An enlargement of the sack containing 
the testicles. Sometimes there may be a strangulation 
of the intestines where they fold or twist. They be- 
come inflamed and produce death. The pig dies in great 
pain, but fortunately, strangulated ruptures in pigs are 
very rare, as the scrotum and canal which the intestines 
occupy relax and become very roomy. 

Treatment : Operation is the only method of reliev- 
ing or curing Inguinal or Scrotal Rupture. My advice 
is to operate as soon as possible. When the pigs are 
small, there is less danger. The pig to be operated on 
should be fasted for at least twenty-four hours, as it is 
easier on both the operator and pig when the intestines 
are empty, or nearly so. 

The operation which I have found to be very success- 



DISEASES OF SWINE 187 

ful is as follows: Have an assistant hold the pig up 
by its hind legs. Prepare an antiseptic solution of Car- 
bolic Acid five per cent, or Bichloride of Mercury, one 
in one-thousandths, in a pan. Have a needle threaded 
with a medium sized absorbent silk or cat-gut suture. 
Prepare a clean, sharp knife ; wash the seat of operation 
with either antiseptic solution. Now, proceed to locate 
the testicle by having the hind parts elevated. The in- 
testines must be pressed back into the abdominal cavity. 
The. testicle will remain in the sack or scrotum; now 
grasp the testicle between the fingers and make the in- 
cision through the scrotum and to the lower portion. It 
may be necessary to insert two fingers to withdraw the 
testicle. When the testicle is located, withdraw it. Be- 
fore cutting it off it is well to run a needle containing 
a thread through the last covering of the testicle so as 
to prevent the membrane from returning. ■ After this 
is securely done, remove the testicle and sew the inner 
membranes that envelop the rupture and testicle with 
what is called a "tobacco pouch suture." Draw it to- 
gether firmly and tie and cut off suture about one- 
half inch from the knot. Your operation is now com- 
plete. Do not sew the outer incision in the scrotum, as 
it would have a tendency to accumulate dirt and hold 
pus. It should have a free drainage. Wash with one of 
the above mentioned antiseptics twice daily until thor- 
oughly healed. Also feed laxative foods that are easily 

digested. 

SORE FEET 

Cause : Filth ; especially common in large hogs when 
confined to hard floors or driven over rough, hard roads, 
or continually kept in filthy pens. The tissues of the 
feet become softened, especially those between the claws. 
Irritation is set up by germs entering the abrasions. 

Symptoms : The hogs will be noticed going very lame 
and if closely examined the above named conditions will 
be found. 



188 



THE VETERINARIAN 



Treatment : Remove the hogs to clean, dry pens con- 
taining plenty of clean bedding, and wash the affected 
parts with some good disinfectant, as five per cent solu- 
tion of Carbolic Acid. Eepeat this treatment at least 
once a day. In case the feet are badly inflamed, I would 
advise the application of hot Flaxseed Meal poultices 
to the feet. Feed easily digested food, as it aids mate- 
rially in the treatment of infectious wounds. 




Champion Berkshire Boar Longfellow's Successor. 
Hood Farm, Lowell, Mass. 



SORE MOUTH 

Cause: Decomposed foods. Also slops or stagnant 
water, washing powders, broken glassware, etc., from the 
tables, fed in slops, barley or wheat beards, etc. 

Symptoms: Difficulty in eating, or refusal to eat at 
all. Stringy secretions of saliva continually oozing 
from the mouth. The mouth gives off very offensive 
odor. 



DISEASES OF, SWINE 189 

"Treatment: In this form of sore mouth, remove the 
cause. Feed soft, wholesome food, such as wheat bran 
mashes and vegetables. In cases where it is due to the 
lodging of beards of wheat or barley, gag the hog's 
mouth with a piece of wood and remove the beards with 
forceps. Keep clean, cool water before them at all times 
and avoid feeding dry, hard food. 



SOWS EATING THEIR YOUNG 
Cause : Insufficient lime or mineral matter fed prior 

to farrowing; constipation is also a fruitful cause. 
Prevention : Careful feeding for a few days prior to 

farrowing of slops, free from soap or washing powders ; 

cool food, such as wheat bran mashes, with hog tonic and 

regulator as prescribed on the first page of this chapter. 

This is loosening to the bowels and also contains mineral 

matter and blood purifiers which are very valuable in 

the above mentioned condition. 



SUN OR HEAT STROKE 

Cause : Hogs that are very fat, and driven, hauled or 
shipped to market when the weather is warm, are fre- 
quently stricken with heat or sun-stroke. Sometimes 
when hogs are overcrowded and not protected from the 
rays of the sun, or from heat, they may become victims 
of heat or sunstroke. 

Symptoms: First they stagger when walking, then 
they become very weak and temperature elevates three 
or four degrees higher than normal. Prostration or 
extreme depression, or sometimes involuntary spasms 
or contractions of muscles occur. 

Treatment: Prevention. Do not drive, haul or ship 
during the hottest part of the day, hogs that are not 
accustomed to exercise or extreme heat. Do not crowd 
hogs in small pens or sheds during the hot months, as 
their bodies give off considerable heat in addition to 
that of the sun. See that they are protected from the 



190 THE VETERINAKIAN 

sun. When hauling or shipping hogs, wet them occa- 
sionally with water. It prevents heat stroke. In case 
a hog is suffering from heat or sun-stroke, place it in a 
cool, shady place and apply ice or cold water to the head 
only. Also give Saltpeter in teaspoonful doses every 
six hours diluted in one ounce of water. Also give 
Alcohol, one teaspoonful, every three hours in one ounce 
of water. Good recovery is often obtained from the 
above treatment. 

THORN-HEADED WORMS 

Cause: A white grub that is found in old manure 
heaps, straw stacks and hog lots carries eggs containing 
embryos of the Thorn-headed Worm. The white grub 
is eaten by the hog. The larvae of the Thorn-headed 
Worm is liberated by the process of digestion and be- 
comes a parasite in the intestines of the hogs, where it 
develops into a fully matured worm. Large numbers of 
hogs quickly become infested with this parasite, as they 
multiply very rapidly. These worms vary from two to 
twelve inches in length, and have a whitish color. 

Symptoms: As a general rule, a worm can be seen 
in the feces. Other signs are that the hog loses flesh, 
appetite irregular, constipation, and then again there 
may be diarrhoea, especially where there are large num- 
bers of worms present. 

Treatment : First of all, burn all manure or decom- 
posed vegetation that the hogs are liable to come in con- 
tact with. Withhold all food from eighteen to twenty- 
four hours and give one teaspoonful of Oil of Turpentine 
to every one hundred pounds of hog weight, or if the 
hog weighs less than one hundred pounds, doses should 
be given in proportion. Follow this treatment for three 
or four consecutive days. Turpentine is easily given to 
hogs, as they will drink it in milk when well mixed. Per- 
haps it is advisable, where a large number of hogs are 
affected, to divide them into pens of five or ten hogs, 



DISEASES OF SWINE 191 

as they are thus less likely to get an overdose. Feed 
laxative food. Clean and disinfect troughs and feeding 
floors. Also give prescription on first page of this 

chapter. 

THUMPS 

Cause : Disorders of the digestive system from over- 
loading the stomach and causing irritation of the nerves 
leading to the diaphragm, which is the membrane that 
separates the lungs and heart from the intestines, 
stomach, liver and spleen. It is a spasm of this mem- 
brane that causes a hog or pig to have "Thumps." In- 
sufficient exercise; a large number of pigs may become 
affected at the same time when closely confined. 

Symptoms : Jerking of the flanks ; the pig or hog be- 
comes very weak and stunted in a very short time. 

Treatment: Remove the cause. In pigs, when first 
affected, careful feeding and exercise will generally 
effect a cure. In some cases, where the pigs are very 
small, it is well to take them away from the mother, per- 
mitting them to nurse very little. Give them Castor Oil 
in teaspoonful doses, and compel them to exercise. It 
may be necessary to give them Chloral Hydrate ten to 
fifteen grains two or three times a day diluted in a tea- 
spoonful of water. Where the pigs will not eat mashes 
or drink milk, give them medicine by force with a 
teaspoon. 

After Treatment: Give hog regulator and tonic as 
prescribed on first page of this chapter. 



WHIP WORM 

This worm is very uncommon, but occasionally is 
found in the large intestines. 

Cause: The eggs become imbedded in the manure, 
bedding, etc., and then mix with the feed and drinking 
water and are taken into the digestive canal where they 
develop into matured worms. This worm is from one to 



192 THE VETERINARIAN 

three inches in length, the hind extremity of which is 
very thin, hence the name, "Whipworm." 

Symptoms: They produce very little disturbance, 
even though present in large quantities, except when other 
worms assist in their irritating the lining membranes of 
the large intestines. 

Medical Treatment: Withhold all food from eigh- 
teen to twenty-four hours, then give one teaspoonful of 
Gasolene thoroughly mixed with milk, to every one hun- 
dred pounds of hog weight. Small hogs, reduce the 
dose in proportion to their weight. It is advisable to 
follow this dose for two or three consecutive days. Feed 
food that is easily digested, and see that they have fresh 
water to drink. 



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DISEASES OF SHEEP 
AND GOATS 






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Causes, Symptoms and 
Treatments 



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13 



CHAPTER IV 



ABORTION 

Cause: Is usually produced by injuries, or by the 
ewes being poisoned from eating poisonous foods, plants, 
etc. It lias never occurred in infectious form in this 
country, although sometimes an outbreak is thought in- 
fectious on account of several ewes aborting about the 
same time, but all such outbreaks have been traced to 
some irritating poison which they had taken with their 
food or drinking water. 

Preventive Treatment: Remove the aborted lambs 
or kids and afterbirth from the yards, and also with- 
draw the ewe or nanny and place her in comfortable 
quarters. She requires care and extra nursing, or she 
will become very poor and lose a large portion of her 
fleece. 

Medical Treatment : If due to poisonous plants, etc., 
when the first symptoms of Abortion or poisoning are 
noticed, give six to ten ounces of Castor Oil. Warm 
the oil so it will run freely. Set the sheep or goat upon 
its haunches and pour very slowly. Great care must be 
exercised so as not to let any of the oil enter the lungs, 
as it may produce fatal pneumonia. Feed food that is 
easily digested and supply them with pure water to 
drink. When the general condition is weak or run 
down, so to speak, the following tonic is recommended : 
Pulv. Gentian Root, one ounce; Pulv. Nux Vomica, one 
ounce; Pulv. Potassium Nitrate, one ounce; Hyposul- 
phite of Soda, three ounces; Protan, three ounces. Mix 
and make into twenty-four powders. Give one powder 
two or three times daily well back on the tongue. 

Remember all tonics are bitter, therefore beware of 

195 



196 THE VETERINARIAN 

any so-called tonics that the animals eat readily, as these 
possess no real tonic values. 



BLACK SCOURS 

(Verminous Gastritis — Strongylosis) 
Cause: Due to a worm (Strongylus Contortus) meas- 
uring one-fourth to one inch in length, inhabiting the 
intestines and the fourth stomach of sheep and goats. 
This disease is frequently seen in low, marshy pastures, 
where animals infested with the worm pass the ova or 
egg with the feces, the eggs developing into an embry- 
otic worm which is again taken with the food or water by 
non-infected animals, whereby this disease again at- 
tacks the intestines and fully matured worms develop. 

Symptoms: Naturally, the symptoms vary according 
to the violence of the attack. In well developed cases, 
the animal strains to defecate, and passes shreds of in- 
testinal mucous along with blood-stained feces. Finally 
a severe dysentery takes place, the animal becomes cor- 
respondingly weak, and death takes place in two or three 
days. Some cases become chronic, in which death does 
not take place for a month or more. However, the 
latter is uncommon. Other signs are staggering gait, 
trembling, eyes fixed, showing wild expression, neck 
turned to one side. Then the animal appears as if in 
pain, and looks around at the flank frequently. There is 
a chopping of the jaws, and a very free flow of stringy 
saliva dropping from the mouth. When an animal dies 
from the symptoms just described, it should be cut open 
and carefully examined for this particular parasite, 
which can be easily seen with the naked eye. 

Tkeatment : Very successfully treated when the first 
symptoms appear by administering one ounce of Gaso- 
lene with a pint of Milk. To lambs or kids give half 
the dose. Every precaution should be taken so as to 
prevent the drench from entering the lungs. Perhaps 
the best method is to set the animal on its haunches and 



DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 197 

pour the liquid slowly and carefully; if they cough, let 
them down. Any drench entering the lungs produces 
fatal pneumonia. Feed good nourishing food, and 
supply them with fresh water to drink. 



CATARRH 
(Cold in the Head) 

Cause: Atmospheric changes, sudden exposure to 
cold, wet weather after being accustomed to warm, com- 
fortable surroundings, inhaling dust, smoke and gases 
or, in fact, anything that will produce an irritation to 
the membranes lining the nose; commonly seen in the 
spring and fall. 

Symptoms: Chilling, elevation of temperature, nose 
dry, breathing hurried, sneezing, coughing, dullness, ap- 
petite varied. In the first stages of the malady, the 
nostrils are considerably inflamed, but in the course of 
a few days the temperature subsides and a yellowish- 
white discharge flows from the nose continuously. 

Treatment: Keep the affected animals dry, omit 
drafts, feed good, wholesome food, and provide bedding 
for them to lie upon. In the first stages of this malady, 
it is advisable to confine the animals in a barn, closing 
the windows and doors and compelling them to inhale 
steam from boiling hot water and Pine Tar. The best 
method to accomplish this is by placing a tub about half 
full of water in the center of the barn and add about one 
gallon of Pine Tar. Then heat bricks or stones and 
place them into the tub. In this way a large number 
can be treated at one time. The sheep should be com- 
pelled to inhale this steam for thirty to forty minutes 
twice a day. In addition to the above, the following is 
very beneficial: Chlorate of Potash, one ounce; Nitrate 
of Potassi, two ounces. Make into sixteen powders and 
give one powder to each sheep in its drinking water two 
or three times daily. Feed hot bran mashes and vege- 
tables if possible. 



198 THE VETERINARIAN 

DIARRHOEA 

(Dysentery) 

Cause: Diarrhoea, or Dysentery, is a sign of some 
irritation of the intestines resulting in increased secre- 
tions, or increased muscular contraction, or both. The 
irritation is sometimes the result of chilling from ex- 
posure, improper feeding, as contaminated or frozen 
foods, irritating foods, drinking cold or stagnant water, 
indigestion, organic diseases of the intestines, or para- 
sitic diseases. (See Strongylosis.) 

Symptoms: Movements from the bowels are fre- 
quent, at first consisting of thin fecal matter, but as 
this malady progresses it becomes watery and ofTensive 
in smell, and streaked with blood. At first the animal 
shows no constitutional disturbances, but eventually it 
becomes weak and shows signs of abdominal pain by 
looking around to the flank, throwing the feet together, 
lying down, or moving restlessly. Sometimes this dis- 
ease is accompanied by fever, great depression, loss of 
strength, rapid loss of flesh; terminating in death. 

Treatment: Determine the cause and remove it if 
possible. When the disease is due to irritating proper- 
ties of food which have been fed the animal, it is well 
to give a physic of Castor Oil in two to six ounce doses, 
according to the size of the animal. When there is 
debility, want of appetite, and temperature normal, but 
continuous water discharge from the bowels, give Pro- 
tan, two ounces ; Gum Cathechu, one ounce ; Pulv. Ginger, 
one ounce; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, eight grains. Make 
into sixteen powders and give one powder on the tongue 
every three or four hours, according to the severity of 
the attack. Feed food that is easily digested, as wheat 
bran mashes, steamed rolled oats, etc. See that the 
drinking water is fresh and clean. 



DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 199 
FOOT ROT 

(Foul in the Foot) 

Cause : Foot Rot is produced by inflammation of the 
soft structures of the foot between the claws or toes. It 
may be due to an overgrowth and inward pressure, etc., 
or from filth accumulating and hardening between the 
claws, producing inflammation and softening or ulcer- 
ation of the skin in the interdigital space (between the 
claws). Under some conditions several sheep or goats 
in the same drove become affected at the same time, 
leading many to think that the disease is contagious. 
When Foot Eot appears in a very short time, among 
sheep or goats, this condition can almost always be 
traced to filth, irritation, etc. 

Symptoms: The animal is observed to limp when 
walking. On careful examination of the foot we find it 
hot, swollen above the claws and in the soft parts be- 
tween them, frequently spreading the claws apart to a 
considerable extent, or the inflammation may have ad- 
vanced to softening and sloughing of the soft structure 
between the claws. If this condition is neglected at this 
stage, deep abscesses form and the pus burrows under 
the horny wall, and the joints within the hoof become 
inflamed and destroyed, in Avhich case the treatment is 
difficult and recovery will be very arduous. 

Treatment: In the early stages of the disease, be- 
fore the pus burrows beneath the horny structures of 
the foot, any foreign substances impacted between the 
claws should be removed. Then place a trough about one 
foot wide, six to eight inches high, and twelve to sixteen 
feet long, and fill with water and Coal Tar Dip, diluted 
in proportions of one part dip to fifty parts of water. 
Build a fence on each side of the trough, just wide enough 
for one sheep to pass through, and compel every sheep 
to walk through the solution slowly. 

This treatment should be repeated once or twice a 



200 



THE VETERINARIAN 



week until the lameness has disappeared. In cases 
where deep sloughing has taken place under the horny 
structures, saturate a piece of oakum or cotton in the 
following, liniment: Oil of Origanum, Oil of Pisis, Oil 
of Turpentine, each four ounces. Place it between the 
claws and hold it there by means of a bandage. Repeat 
this application every other day. The animals that do 




Delaine Merino Bam and Ewes. 



not show signs of improvement under this treatment in 
a few days invariably have the joints of the foot affected 
and should not be driven. 



FORAGE POISONING 

Cause : This condition is produced by animals eating 
various foliage (Grass or Shrubbery) at a time when 
the peculiar poisonous principles are developed in it, as 



DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 201 

appears to happen in certain seasons. The disease is 
liable to affect a large proportion of animals which are 
under the same grazing conditions. 

Symptoms: Generally takes two or three days to 
develop. The animal gradually becomes more or less 
unconscious and paralyzed, staggers when forced to 
walk, and it may have great difficulty in keeping on its 
feet, it is extremely averse to going down, and leans for 
support against any convenient object. It breathes in a 
snorting manner. The mucous membranes are tinged 
with yellow, and the bowels constipated. In other cases 
severe diarrhoea follows, and the animal becomes very 
weak and dies in convulsions or spasms. Recovery may 
be expected in cases that are not marked by severe 
symptoms. 

Treatment: Endeavor to find out the true cause and 
remove it if possible. Change range or pasture for a 
short time ; this has successfully eradicated this malady. 
The animal showing the above symptoms should receive 
four to eight ounces of Castor Oil regardless of whether 
there is diarrhoea or constipation. In either case the 
irritation will be relieved by its laxative effect. In cases 
where diarrhoea becomes chronic, after administering 
the Castor Oil, the following will be found very efficient 
in its control : Protan, three ounces ; Ginger, one ounce ; 
Gum Catechu, two ounces. Make into sixteen powders 
and place one powder well back on the tongue every four 
or six hours. Feed clean, wholesome food and supply 
clean, fresh water to drink. Provide shelter for the 
animal if the weather is hot. 



GARGET 

(Congestion and Inflammation of the Udder) 

Cause: As a rule, in Garget or Congestion of the 
Udder in heavy milking ewes, just before and after 
lambing, the glands of the udder enlarge, become hot, 



202 THE VETERINARIAN 

tense and tender and a slight pasty swelling extends 
forward from the glands on the lower surface of the ab- 
domen. This physiological condition is looked npon as a 
matter of course and disposed of in two or three days 
when the secretions of milk have been fully established. 
General breaking up of the udder may be greatly has- 
tened by the sucking of a hungry lamb and the kneading 
it gives the udder with its nose is beneficial. The above 
mentioned congestion or Garget may emerge into active 
inflammation resulting from continued exposure to cold 
weather, standing in cold drafts or injury to the udder 
from stone, clubs, feet of other animals, overfeeding or 
rich food, like cotton seed or soy bean, sore teats or a ewe 
losing her lamb in the period of full milking ; serious dis- 
turbances of the animal's health is liable to fall upon the 
udder. 

Symptoms: The symptoms and mode of attack vary in 
different cases. Following exposure to cold drafts or 
cold, wet weather, there is usually severe chilling with 
cold ears and limbs and general dryness and brittleness 
of the wool. This is followed by a flush of heat, the ears 
and limbs become unnaturally warm and the glands swell 
up and become firm and solid in one or both sides of the 
udder. The muzzle is hot and dry, temperature ele- 
vated two or three degrees above normal, pulse firm and 
quick, excited breathing, appetite and rumination sus- 
pended, bowels constipated, urine scanty and the yield 
of milk may be entirely suppressed in the affected side. 

Treatment: Determine the cause and remove it if 
possible. Move the affected animal to comfortable 
quarters, supply liberal quantities of bedding for the 
animal to lie upon. Give two to six ounces of Glauber 
Salts dissolved in a pint of hot water. Permit it to cool. 
Place the ewe on her haunches and drench carefully. 
Feed laxative foods as hot bran mashes, steamed rolled 
oats and vegetables, supplying the animal with pure 
water to drink, to which add two drams of Hyposulphite 



DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 203 

of Soda, two or three times a day. In some cases it is 
advisable to apply Camphorated Ointment to the udder 
once or twice a day. 

GID 

(Sturdy) 

Cause : Gid is produced by a bladder worm, a larva 
or an egg of the tapeworm infesting the intestines of 
dogs, wolves and coyotes. The eggs of these tapeworms 
are scattered over the range or pastures in the droppings 
of infested dogs, wolves or coyotes, and these when 
swallowed in the food or water by the sheep, hatch out 
and the embryos migrate to the brain, spinal cord, etc., 
where they develop into cysts, bladder worms or water 
bags, etc. When the organs of sheep, thus infested, are 
eaten by dogs, wolves or coyotes, the cyst worms are 
also likely to be swallowed and then develop into ma- 
ture tapeworms. 

Symptoms: In case a large number of embryos be- 
come lodged in the brain of sheep, the first signs will be 
shown in about eight to twelve days. Bladder worms 
produce a congestion of the brain which causes dullness, 
dizziness, indicating an affection of the brain, walking or 
turning in circles. If the left side of the brain is af- 
fected, they will turn to the left ; if the right side is af- 
fected, they will turn to the right. The head eventually 
droops, the eyes become red and the vision is impaired, 
the head very hot over the affected region, the affected 
sheep become separated from the flock. Sometimes the 
sheep are partially or completely paralyzed. 

Peevention : Prevention is the only method by which 
this disease can be eradicated. Prevent the sheep from 
becoming infected with these parasites. Stray dogs, wolves 
or coyotes should be killed whenever found, and dogs too 
valuable to kill should be kept free from tapeworm. Meat 
should not be fed to dogs unless cooked or known to be 
free from tapeworm cysts. 



204 THE VETERINARIAN 

GRUBS IN THE HEAD 

(Head Maggot) 

Cause: Grubs in the head of sheep are produced by 
the Sheep Gadfly which is yellowish-gray in color with 
five well divided rings around its body, covered over with 
fine hair and the lower portion of the head white. This 
fly is somewhat larger than the ordinary house fly. It 
attacks sheep and goats during the Summer and Fall 
and deposits its larva about the sheep's and goat's nos- 
trils. This larva attaches itself to the mucous mem- 
brane of the nostrils with two booklets by which it grad- 
ually works into the air cavities of the head, remaining 
there for about ten months. Then it again passes from 
the nostrils, burrows into the ground and becomes a 
fully matured GadfiV in six or eight weeks, which com- 
pletes its life cycle, the head of the sheep or goat being 
its intermediate host where the newly born Gadfly again 
attaches its larva. 

Symptoms : When sheep or goats are attacked by this 
Gadfly, they run, strike at the nose with their front 
feet, rub the nose on the ground or against other sheep. 
In case only three or four larvae gain entrance to the 
sinuses of the head, they produce very little, if any, ill 
effects, but where they become numerous, they cause the 
animal to cough and sneeze continually, discharge from 
the nose, which is occasionally tinged with blood. The 
appetite becomes impaired, the animal shows signs of 
emaciation, becomes very weak, raises the nose in the 
air, but eventually becomes so weak it reels when walk- 
ing and finally lies down. It becomes so weak it cannot 
toss the head or rise, and dies. 

Prevention Treatment : Very successful. Paint the 
sheep's or goat's nose with Pine Tar, or better still, place 
salt in a trough, covering it with boards, with holes bored 
in them just large enough for the animal to insert its 
nose. Smear Pine Tar about the holes once or twice a 



DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 205 

week. This treatment lias proven very efficient in lo- 
calities where sheep Gadflies are numerous. 

Medical Treatment : After the animal once becomes 
infected with these grabs, bore holes (trephine) through 
the skull with a sharp instrument made for this purpose 
and remove the grubs. This requires considerable 
amount of skill and should be attempted only by a com- 
petent Veterinarian. 

HOVEN 

(Bloating — Acute Tynpanitis — Acute Indigestion) 
Cause: Hoven is caused by various kinds of food 
which produce indigestion or fermentation and resultant 
gases in the rumen or paunch. When sheep are first 
turned into young clover, they eat so greedily of it that 
bloating frequently results. Turnips, potatoes and cab- 
bage may also produce it. Middlings and corn meal also 
frequently give rise to it. In this connection it may be 
stated that an excessive quantity of any food, before 
mentioned, may bring on this disorder, or it may not be 
due to excessive eating but to eating too fast. Sometimes 
the quality of food is at fault. Grass, clover or alfalfa, 
when wet with dew or rain soaked, frequently produce 
digestive disorders and bloating follows. Frozen roots 
or potatoes covered with white frost should be regarded 
as dangerous. When food has been eaten too hastily or 
when it is cold and wet, the digestive process is imper- 
fectly performed and the food contained in the paunch 
ferments, during which process large quantities of gas 
are formed. This same result may follow when a sheep 
is choking, as the obstruction in the gullet prevents the 
eructation or passing of gas from the stomach so that 
the gas continues to accumulate until severe bloating 
results. 

Symptoms : The swelling of the left flank is very char- 
acteristic, as in well marked cases the flank at its upper 
part rises above the level of the backbone and when 



206 THE VETERINARIAN 

struck with the tips of the fingers emits a drum-like 
sound. The animal has an anxious expression, moves 
uneasily and is evidently distressed. If relief is not 
obtained in time the sheep breathes with difficulty, reels 
in walking or standing and in a short time falls down and 
dies from suffocation. The distention of the stomach 
or rumen may become so great that it pushes the dia- 
phragm (the membrane separating the lung and intestinal 
cavity) forward against the lungs, so as to squeeze and 
stop their movements, thus preventing the animal from 
breathing and in some instances the case may be compli- 
cated by a rupture of the stomach. 

Tkeatment : Do not waste any time. Puncture about 
three inches downward and forward from the point of 
the hip bone with a clean sharp knife, or any instrument 
that is clean and sharp. A special instrument made for 
this purpose, the trocar, is a very useful instrument on 
the farm. 

Sometimes bloating becomes chronic, and if such is the 
case dissolve two teaspoonfuls of Turpentine in one- 
half pint of milk and drench the animal very carefully, 
as some of this drench may escape into the lungs and 
produce fatal pneumonia. Set a sheep upon its haunches 
to give the medicine ; if it coughs let it down quickly to 
prevent strangulation. 



INDIGESTION 

(Dyspepsia) 

Cause : . Irritant food, damaged food, overloaded 
paunch or sudden change of diet may produce this dis- 
ease. Want of exercise predisposes an animal to it and 
it is caused by woody or indigestible food. Food which 
possesses astringent (drying) properties tends to check 
the digestive secretions and may also act as an exciting 
cause. Food in excessive quantity may lead to disorders 
of the digestion and to this disease. It is very likely to 



DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 207 

appear towards the end of the protracted season of 
draught, therefore a deficiency of water must be regarded 
as one of the conditions which favors its development. 

Symptoms: Appetite diminished; rumination, or 
chewing the cud, irregular ; tongue coated, mouth slimy, 
feces passed apparently not well digested and offensive 
in odor, dullness and fullness of the flanks. This disease 
may, in some cases, assume a chronic character, for in 
addition to the above mentioned symptoms, slight bloat- 
ing of the left flank may be observed. The animal 
breathes with great difficulty and grunts with each res- 
piration. The ears and legs alternately become hot and 
cold. The. rumination, or cud chewing, at this stage 
ceases and the usual rumbling sound in the stomach is 
not audible. The passage of feces is entirely suspended 
and the animal passes only a little mucus occasionally. 
Sometimes constipation and diarrhoea alternate ; there is 
a rise in temperature in many cases. The disease con- 
tinues for a few days or a week in this mild form, 
while the severe form of the disease may last for sev- 
eral weeks. In the severe form the emaciation and loss 
of strength may be very great. There is no appetite, 
no rumination or rumbling sound in the stomach or 
intestines. The mouth is hot and sticky, the eyes have 
retracted in their sockets and the milk secretion has 
ceased. In such cases the outlook for recovery is un- 
favorable. The affected animals fall away in flesh and 
become very weak, which is shown by the fact that one 
finds the animal lying down. 

On examination of sheep or goats which have died of 
this disease, it is found that the lining membranes of the 
fourth stomach and intestines, particularly the small 
intestines, are red, swollen, streaked with deep red or 
blushed lines or spotted. The lining of the third stomach 
is more or less softened and may be easily pealed off. 
The third stomach contains dry, hard food masses, closely 
adhering to its walls. In some cases the brain appears to 



208 



THE VETERINARIAN 



become affected, probably from the pain endured and 
weakness and absorption of poisons generated in the 
digestive canal. In such cases there is weakness and a 
staggering gait ; the sheep or goats do not appear to see, 
and will consequently run against obstacles. After a 
time it falls down and gives up to a violent disordered 
struggle. This delirious condition is succeeded by stupor 
and death. 




Champion Shropshire Ram. 
Owned by McKerrow & Son, Pewankee, Wis. 

Treatment: Successful, if fed in its first stages on 
small quantities of roots, sweet silage or select grasses 
or hay. This should be offered several times daily. Very 
little food should be allowed if the animal is constipated, 
in which case give two to four ounces of Glauber Salts 
dissolved in a pint of hot water. When it cools, set the 



DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 209 

animal on its haunches and pour slowly and carefully. 
If they strangle or cough let them down, as some of the 
drench may escape into the lungs and produce lung com- 
plications. After the Glauber Salts have acted and if 
there is a lack of appetite and the animal does not chew 
the cud regularly, the following tonic will be found bene- 
ficial: Pulv. Gentian Root, one ounce; Pulv. Nux Vom- 
ica, one ounce ; Pulv. Anise Seed, two ounces. • Mix thor- 
oughly and make into thirty-two powders. Give one 
powder two or three times a day well back on the tongue. 
The food must be rather laxative and of a digestible 
character. After an attack of this form of indigestion, 
ice cold water should be avoided. Food should be given in 
moderate quantities, as any excess by overtaxing the 
digestive functions may bring on a relapse. 



JAUNDICE 

(Liver Congestion — Inflammation of the Liver) 

Cause : Jaundice or Liver Congestion is due to con- 
stipation where there is an inactive or torpid condition 
of the bowels and the bile which passes into the intes- 
tines is absorbed and produces a yellow staining of 
Jaundice. Jaundice is merely a symptom of a disease 
and ought to direct attention to ascertain if possible the 
cause or causes which give rise to it. Inflammation of 
the liver usually occurs as a complication of infectious 
diseases. It may also occur as a complication of intes- 
tinal catarrh, or in hot weather from overheating, eating 
decomposed or irritating food or from drinking stagnant 
water. 

Symptoms: The signs are sometimes obscure and 
their real significance is frequently overlooked. The most 
prominent symptoms are the yellowness of the white of 
the eyes and of the mucous membranes lining the mouth, 
appetite poor, body presents an emaciated appearance, 
the feces is light in color, while the urine is likely to be 

14 



210 THE VETERINARIAN 

unusually dark and there is great thirst present. The 
gait is weak and the animal lies down more than usual 
and while doing so frequently has its head around resting 
on the side of its chest. Temperature is slightly elevated 
above normal and breathing is somewhat hurried. 

Treatment : Remove the cause if possible. Give 
Glauber Salts in three to four ounce doses, diluted in a 
pint of hot water permitted to cool and give at one dose. 
When drenching be very careful, as some of the liquid 
may escape into the lungs and produce severe complica- 
tions. Feed green food or hot bran mashes and supply 
them with a liberal quantity of pure water to drink. 



LIVER FLUKE 

Cause: The parasite that produces Liver Fluke in 
sheep has an oblong, flat, leaf-like body, brownish in 
color, measuring from one-fourth to one-half inch in 
length. Sheep become infected with this Liver Fluke 
from grazing on low marshy pastures infected by the 
larvae of Liver Fluke. 

Symptoms: A sheep, when first infected with Liver 
Fluke, generally thrives as the parasites tend to stimulate 
the process of digestion, being located as they are in 
the liver, but eventually rumination becomes irregular, 
the sheep becomes anemic, weak and the visible mucous 
membranes of the mouth, nose and eyes become pale, 
bloodless, taking on a yellowish color as the disease pro- 
gresses. Swellings will also appear under the jaw along 
the neck and under the lung cavity. The process of 
breathing becomes feeble and temperature irregular. 
Pregnant ewes will generally abort and nursing ewes* 
milk will become so deprived of its nourishing properties 
that the lambs become emaciated, although not neces- 
sarily affected with the Liver Fluke. 

Prevention : Move to non-infected pastures, supply 
the animals grazing on low marshy pastures with a 
liberal amount of salt, also introduce frogs, toads, carp, 



DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 211 

etc., into the marshy ponds, as they destroy the parasite 
in its first stages of development, feeding on their inter- 
mediate host, the snail. 

Medical, Treatment: This is of little value. After 
an animal once becomes infected with the parasite, it 
never makes a complete recovery, although Calomel ad- 
ministered in ten grain doses every two or three weeks 
appears to have a very good effect in some cases, if fed 
freely on nitrogenous food and permitted to drink well 
of pure running water. 

LUNG FEVER 

(Pneumonia — Congestion of the Lungs — Pulmonary 
Apoplexy) 

Acute congestion and inflammation of the spongy tis- 
sues of the lungs is frequently seen in sheep, the same as 
in other animals. 

Cause: Sheep that are overdriven are subject to 
Lung Congestion in acute or chronic form and sometimes 
Pulmonary Apoplexy, and especially when in a plethoric 
condition are predisposed to inflammation of the lungs. 
The exciting cause is very much the same as in different 
diseases of the air passage and it is not uncommon for 
the inflammation to extend from these parts of the lungs. 
However, there are a number of causes in addition to 
those already mentioned. It frequently results when 
sheep are accustomed to warm, comfortable quarters and 
are changed to cold, drafty pens, or shipping some dis- 
tance in open stock cars during cold weather. In fact, 
any sudden chilling of the body is a common cause of 
lung disorders. Giving fat sheep too much exercise when 
they are not accustomed to it is a very frequent cause of 
Congestion and Inflammation of the Lungs. This may 
occur when they are chased by dogs, etc., or when driven 
to a distant market at too rapid a gait. Exercise during 
the hot summer months is apt to cause congestion of the 
lung substance, as well as heat stroke. Dipping sheep 



212 THE VETERINARIAN 

during cold weather may cliill the body and result in 
this disease. 

Symptoms: If due to severe exercise, the animal ap- 
pears greatly exhausted and the Congestion of the Lungs 
is marked. Death may occur in this stage of the disease. 
Inflammation of the Lungs usually begins with a chill 
and is followed by a high fever. The sheep stand most 
of the time and may eat nothing, or very little. The 
breathing is hurried at first, but when the lungs become 
badly involved, it is also labored. The character of the 
pulse beats varies, depending on the extent of the in- 
flammation and the stage of the disease. In most cases 
the pulse is full and quick during the early stages of the 
disease. A very weak pulse is present in severe and 
fatal cases of Pneumonia. The visible mucous mem- 
branes have a red colored appearance and there may be a 
slight discharge from the nostrils. The expression of 
the face is anxious and distressed in severe cases and 
rigors and chilling of the body occur. The respiratory 
sounds are more or less normal. The cough at first is 
deep and dry ; later it becomes loose and moist. It may 
be accompanied by a hemorrhage during this stage of the 
disease. Other respiratory sounds are revealed by plac- 
ing the ear to the side of the chest walls and listening to 
the sound of the lungs. This cannot be practiced in long 
wooled sheep with satisfaction, as the chest walls are so 
thick that the lung sounds are deadened, or the noise 
made by the animal hides the respiratory murmurs in 
the very early stages of Inflammation of the Lungs. A 
crepitating or crackling sound can be heard in the dis- 
eased parts and louder sounds than normal in the healthy 
areas. Later when the engorgement of the lung sub- 
stance occurs and the air cells become filled with an in- 
flammatory serum, the respiratory sounds are deadened, 
but on returning to the normal, a rattling sound occurs. 
These symptoms help greatly in determining the animal's 
condition and in watching the progress of the disease. 



DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 213 

The chances for the recovery depend on the extent and 
the acuteness of the inflammation. Careless handling, 
exercising, etc., lessen the chances for a favorable ter- 
mination in the disease, but good care helps more to bring 
about recovery than the medical treatment. The recov- 
ery is more unfavorable in fat than in lean sheep, as the 
inflammation is usually more severe in the former. The 
course is from seven to twenty-one days and it may be- 
come chronic if the irritation is kept up. In such cases, 
unthriftiness is a prominent sign. 

Treatment : The preventive treatment in Pneumonia 
must not be overlooked. Briefly, it consists in avoiding 
such conditions as may predispose the animal to the dis- 
ease or act in any way as an exciting cause. Careful 
nursing is a very important part of the treatment. The 
sheep should be given a comfortable, well ventilated shed 
and kept as quiet as possible. If the bowels become con- 
stipated, give two or three ounces of Castor Oil and feed 
sloppy food. As one attack predisposes the sheep to a 
second, it should be protected from severe cold, or the 
other extreme, heat, for a month after making a com- 
plete recovery. 

The following prescription will be found very bene- 
ficial: Iodide of Ammonia, one-half ounce; Chlorate of 
Potassi, one ounce ; Pulv. Nux Vomica, one ounce. Make 
into twenty-four powders and give one powder every four 
hours well back on the tongue. Continue this treatment 
until the animal has recovered. 



LUNG WORMS, LAMB DISEASE 

(Verminous Bronchitis) 
Cause : Due to a white thread-like worm ( Strongylus 
Filaria) varying in length from one to three inches. 
These worms affect and live in the trachea (windpipe) 
and bronchial tubes. Infected animals, in coughing, ex- 
pel fertilized eggs which develop on the grass and stag- 



214 



THE VETERINARIAN 



nant water. The larvae are again taken np either in the 
drinking water or in eating grass or hay gathered on 
low marshy soil. Warm wet weather favors their devel- 
opment. 

Symptoms : This worm is liable to attack a number 
of animals at the same time. The weakest sheep and 
young lambs are the first to show signs by coughing 
forcibly, distressing, hacking and convulsive in character. 




Champion Cotswold Ewes. 
Owned by F. A. Koser, Bickreall, Ore. 

A stringy mucus is sometimes expelled during the spasm 
of coughing. This mucus contains worms which can be 
detected, or their ova observed under a magnifying glass. 
In the latter stages of the disease, they cough severely 
at night. These attacks have a sub-acute character and 
prove very exhausting. The parasite by becoming en- 
twined in balls severely affects the animal's breathing 
which is always remarkably labored in the latter stages 
of the disease. The animal refuses to eat, becomes ema- 



DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 215 

ciated, anemic, mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth, 
and nose become very pale and the sheep die in convul- 
sions from suffocatiom 

Preventive Treatment : Avoid grazing your sheep on 
low marshy soil, especially during warm wet weather. 
Young lambs and weak ewes are especially susceptible to 
this disease. 

Medical Treatment: The writer has tried various 
treatments as fumigation with different substances and 
injection of remedies into the windpipe by the use of a 
hypodermic syringe, etc., but none have proven very suc- 
cessful, from a practical standpoint. I would recommend 
placing the affected animals in a tightly closed barn or 
shed, in the center of which place a pan of red hot coals 
and cover with Sulphur. 

A person should remain in the barn or shed as long as 
he possibly can and after the fumes become so irritating 
that he cannot endure them any longer, he should im- 
mediately make his exit. The sheep should be compelled 
to stay a minute or two longer and then quickly open 
the doors and windows. Repeat this treatment once or 
twice a week. Feed affected animals well. Give them 
fresh water to drink and protect them from exposure. 
This treatment, as above described, has given very good 
results, providing the parasites were not too numerous. 



SCAB 

(Mange) 

Cause: The mange mite (Psoroptes Communis). This 
parasite is equipped with stylets which pierce the skin 
at the seat where the mange mite penetrates the skin, 
and produces small red spots followed by a blister filled 
with serum, which ruptures, the serum drying and form- 
ing a small scab. It is in this way that innumerable 
mange mites cause the piling up of scabs thus producing 
a very scaly condition. As Mange advances, the scaly 



216 THE VETERINARIAN 

patches eventually pile up until they attain the thickness 
of one-half inch, unless these scabs have been severely 
rubbed. 

Symptoms : Very easily detected, as a bunch of sheep 
that have been recently infected will be uneasy or rest- 
less, rubbing against fences, posts, brush, etc., causing 
bunches of wool to loosen. The itching seems to be more 
intense at night and during warm weather. The affected 
animals will even make attempts to bite themselves, due 
to the agony produced by the mange mite. If the skin is 
examined by the aid of a magnifying glass, the mange 
mite can be easily noticed, or by scraping the skin with 
a knife and placing the scabs on a dark paper and ex- 
posed to the warmth of the sun, the mange mite moving 
about can readily be seen with the naked eye. Mangy 
sheep become very poor and eventually die. 

Prevention : This is important, for although the dis- 
ease is treated with very good results, the mange mite 
annoy the sheep until they become very weak and ema- 
ciated and the loss of wool is enormous due to the affected 
animal continually rubbing against fences, brush, etc. 

Treatment : Consists of using various dips, as Lime 
and Sulphur, which is recommended by the United States 
Bureau of Animal Industry. This is very effective and 
inexpensive. Scabby sheep should be dipped a week or 
ten days after shearing; two dippings are necessary at 
the interval of ten days. After dipping, move to non- 
infected range or pastures. 



TICK 

(Louse Fly) 

Cause : The tick that infects sheep has a very small 
head sunken into its round body. The head possesses a 
flexible trunk or snout that penetrates the skin. Through 
this trunk, the ticks derive their nourishment by sucking 
the blood from the body of the sheep. The tick is also 



DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 217 

provided with three pairs of legs. The female lays her 
young in the form of a spun egg (cocoon) which is ob- 
long in shape and brown in color. This egg is cemented 
to the wool of sheep where young ticks are hatched in 
about four to six weeks. 

Symptoms: Long wooled sheep are more susceptible 
to this tick as their wool provides shelter for both the 
tick and its eggs. After shearing the sheep the ticks have 
a tendency to leave the body and to migrate to the legs 
or to unshorn lambs where their snouts or trunks pierce 
the skin which appears to become infected, producing a 
swelling and inflammation. The infected sheep run, 
scratch and bite themselves. When these ticks become 
developed in large quantities, they produce a paleness 
of the mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth and nose, 
as the ticks suck large quantities of blood, which pro- 
duces an anemic condition. The sheep become poor, weak 
and unthrifty. 

Treatment: Satisfactorily treated by dipping in- 
fected sheep in Coal Tar dips or Emulsions of Crude 
Petroleum. Shearing the sheep has a good effect, but 
care must be exercised as the ticks then rapidly migrate 
to the lambs. 



ANNUAL DEPOSIT OR INVESTMENT TO 
ACCUMULATE $1,000 

Amount of Money that must be Deposited or Invested 

annually in Advance, at Compound Interest, to 

Amount to $1,000 in a given Number of Years. 



Kate 


10 


15 


20 


25 


30 


35 


40 


% 


Years 


Years 


Years 


Years 


Years 


Years 


Years 


3 


84.69 


52.20 


36.13 


26.63 


20.41 


16.06 


12.88 


3% 


83.51 


51.13 


35.14 


25.70 


19.55 


15.26 


12.13 


3y 2 


82.36 


50.07 


34.17 


24.81 


18.72 


14.49 


11.43 


3% 


81.21 


49.04 


33.22 


23.93 


17.92 


13.76 


10.76 


4 


80.09 


48.02 


32.29 


23.09 


17.14 


13.06 


10.12 


±% 


78.9S 


47.02 


31.39 


22.27 


16.40 


12.38 


9.51 


4y 2 


77.88 


46.04 


30.50 


21.47 


15.69 


11.74 


8.94 


4% 


76.79 


45.08 


29.64 


20.70 


15.00 


11.13 


8.40 


5 


75.72 


44.14 


28.80 


19.96 


14.34 


10.54 


7.88 


5y± 


74.66 


43.21 


27.98 


19.23 


13.70 


9.99 


7.40 


5y 2 


73.62 


42.30 


27.18 


18.53 


13.09 


9.45 


6.94 


5% 


72.59 


41.41 


26.41 


17.85 


12.50 


8.95 


6.50 


6 


71.57 


40.53 


25.65 


17.20 


11.93 


8.47 


6.10 


6% 


70.57 


39.67 


24.91 


16.56 


11.39 


8.01 


5.71 


ey 2 


69.58 


3S.83 


24.18 


15.95 


10.87 


7.57 


5.35 


6% 


68.61 


38.00 


23.48 


15.35 


10.37 


7.16 


5.00 


7 


67.64 


37.19 


22.80 


14.78 


9.89 


6.76 


4.68 



218 



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DISEASES OF 
POULTRY 



Causes, Symptoms and 
Treatments 



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White Plymouth Kocks, Raycroft Farm, Adrian, Mich. 



CHAPTER V 



AIR SAC MITE 

Cause: Produced by a parasite called Cylodites Nu- 
dus, which bears a close resemblance to the parasite 
causing mange or scabies in the domesticated animal. 
Owing to the peculiar construction of their breathing 
organs fowls are more susceptible to parasites than 
animals. In addition to affecting the lungs, the Air Sac 
Mite may extend its operations to the intestines, kidneys, 
liver and bones. 

Symptoms: Unthriftiness is first noticed, but after 
the parasites become numerous, the fowl shows signs of 
difficult breathing, perhaps terminating in bronchial 
pneumonia. In some cases death occurs without appar- 
ent -cause. The bird will be inactive, becomes separated 
from the rest of the flock, comb pale, head drawn close 
to the body, wings hang pendulous, lose flesh, breathing 
becomes hard, coughing, sneezing and a rattling from 
the mucus in the windpipe is heard. Death is produced 
from suffocation. 

Treatment: Separate the sick from the healthy 
fowls. Disinfect coops and runways of both sick and 
healthy birds with Crude Carbolic Acid, undiluted. Also 
fumigate the fowls in their coops with steam from hot 
water and Pine Tar. This may be done by placing the 
water and Tar in a pan and then inserting a hot stone 
or brick in the solution. This perhaps is the simplest 
method of fumigation. Also mix Sulphur in their feed 
regularly. 



221 



222 THE VETERINARIAN 

APOPLEXY 

(Hemorrhage of the Brain) 

Due to the rupture of a blood vessel of the brain and 
pressure from the escaping blood. 

Cause : Mechanical injuries, straining when laying 
eggs (hens are frequently found dead on the nest from 
this cause), overfeeding, stimulating food, etc., all tend 
to produce apoplexy. 

Symptoms: Appear very suddenly, bird is seen to 
walk unsteadily, falls, or perhaps is found dead. 

Treatment : In mild attacks, apply cold water or ice 
to fowl's head until thoroughly cooled. Give one-half 
grain of Calomel, feed soft food, compel the bird to exer- 
cise. Owing to the loss of blood a tonic will be necessary. 
Pulv. Gentian Root, Pulv. Saltpeter, Capsicum and Ferri 
Sulphate (Pulv.) equal parts one ounce. Mix and place 
one teaspoonful in feed for every twenty-five fowls. 
This tonic purifies and builds up the blood, just what is 
needed in this particular condition. 



BALDNESS 

(Favus) 

Cause : Due to fungi. 

Symptoms: The first noticeable sign is « the whitish 
appearance of the comb due to gray spots about the size 
of a pin head. As the disease progresses, this condition 
spreads to other parts of the body; the feathers look 
rough and dry and break easily. The fowl grows weaker, 
refuses to eat and if not properly treated, dies. 

Treatment: Remove the scabs by separating the 
feathers and using a brush. Apply Sulphur Ointment. 
Repeat this treatment after two or three days. Great 
care must be taken to prevent the fowl from chilling or 
taking cold. 



DISEASES OF POULTRY 223 

BEAK AND THROAT OBSTRUCTION 

Cause : Lodgment in the beak or food canal of a for- 
eign substance, such as a kernel of corn, sunflower seed, 
bone, etc. 

Symptoms: Fowl jerks its head suddenly and fre- 
quently attempts to swallow. If a close examination is 
made the foreign body can be felt from the outside. 

Treatment : For the removal of such obstructions, 
no special treatment is needed further than to use care 
and avoid any injury to the beak or throat. Feed nutri- 
tious food, as wheat bran mashes and vegetables and see 
that they have a liberal quantity of good pure water at 
all times. 

BLACKHEAD 

(Infectious Entero Hepatitis of Turkeys) 
Cause : Due to a protozoa taken into the system with 
the food or drinking water. This parasite enters the 
caeca which becomes inflamed and discolored and the 
liver is enlarged and studded with yellowish spots about 
the size of a pea. 

Symptoms: Although this disease is termed Black- 
head, the discoloration of the head is not necessarily 
present in all cases ; neither is this condition confined to 
this particular disease. One of the first symptoms is 
loss of appetite, followed in most cases by diarrhoea. 
The fowl becomes weak and loses weight rapidly. Ex- 
amination of the liver after death will determine whether 
or not death has been caused by Infectious Entero Hepa- 
titis. The dead birds should be burned to prevent the 
spread of the disease. 

Treatment : Prevention is one of the most important 
factors as this disease is very contagious and the pro- 
tozoa once implanted in the turkey runs is almost im- 
possible to eradicate. Provide clean, well ventilated 
coops and feed clean, wholesome food and good fresh 
water to drink. 



224 THE VETERINAEIAN 

Medical Treatment: Give Bismuth Salicylate and 
Quinine Sulphate each one grain two to three times a day. 
Also mix Hyposulphite of Soda in the proportion of 
two to four grains to every fowl in their drinking water 
twice daily. Disinfect coops and runs with Crude Car- 
bolic Acid, undiluted. 

BODY LICE 

Cause: Insanitary conditions. Communicated by 
direct contact. 

Symptoms: Young chicks become emaciated and die 
quickly. Older birds withstand the parasite much longer, 
but in time show signs of uneasiness by dusting them- 
selves frequently. The comb and wattles become pale 
and bloodless, the feathers rough, dry and brittle. The 
birds grow weak, poor, and eventually die. 

Treatment : Dust the birds with the following : Sul- 
phur, one part; Napthaline, one part; Tobacco Dust, 
twenty-eight parts and seventy parts of middlings. Pow- 
der finely and mix well together and dust the birds once 
daily. Also sprinkle freely in the dust baths. 



BRONCHITIS 

Cause : Exposure to dampness, cold drafts of air, in- 
haling irritating gases, Vapors or dust. The fowls should 
be carefully examined, as bronchitis is occasionally 
caused by the presence of gapeworms. 

Symptoms: Loss of appetite, the bird moves about 
slowly, breathing with difficulty and making a sort of 
whistling sound accompanied by a cough. As the disease 
progresses, there will be a peculiar bubbling sound from 
breathing due to an excessive accumulation of mucus 
in the windpipe. At this stage of the disease the bird 
becomes very weak and if not properly treated and cared 
for will rapidly lose strength, the feathers will become 
rough, head and wings droop, and the bird dies. 



DISEASES OF POULTRY 225 

Teeatment: This disease is most . satisfactorily- 
treated by placing the affected birds in warm, dry, well 
ventilated quarters, admitting sunlight if possible, but 
excluding all drafts of air. Feed stale bread, middlings, 
etc. Also place the fowls in a moderately air tight coop 
and compel them to inhale steam from hot water and 
Turpentine. This is readily done by placing the water 
and Turpentine in a pan and then insert a hot stone or 
brick in the solution. Force them to inhale this steam 
from twenty to thirty minutes twice a day. Also add 
Chlorate of Potash to their drinking water, one teaspoon- 
ful to every twenty-five aged fowls. To chicks add one- 
fourth teaspoonful to every twenty-five. If the weather 
is favorable and the above treatment is followed, bron- 
chitis yields very favorably. 



BUMBLE FOOT 

(Corns — Deep Bruises — Abscesses) 

Cause : Sharp-edged or narrow perches which bruise 
the feet or where the perches are high, heavy fowls often 
injure their feet by alighting on stones or other hard 
objects. 

Symptoms: The bird limps or hobbles about, moving 
with great difficulty. Examination will show the foot to 
be hot and tender to the touch. 

Teeatment : Wash with clean, warm water and in 
some cases it is advisable to apply Hot Flaxseed poul- 
tices. When soft spots or abscesses develop, lance them 
with a clean, sharp knife. After abscesses and bruises 
are opened, treat them antiseptically by washing with a 
solution of Carbolic Acid, one teaspoonful to a pint of 
water. The foot should be bandaged to keep out dust and 

dirt. 

CATARRH 

Cause : Exposure ; poorly constructed coops which ad- 
mit rain or drafts. Weak birds are very susceptible to 
Catarrh. 

15 



226 



THE VETERINAEIAN 



Symptoms: The bird is dull, moves about slowly, 
coughing or sneezing; appetite is poor, the mucous mem- 
brane of the air passage becomes inflamed and the breath- 
ing difficult, especially through the nose. The discharge 
from the nostrils at first watery, becomes mucus-like and 




Prize Winning Buff Orpington Hen. 



thick and sticky, closing the nose, causing the bird to 
breathe wholly through the mouth with a wheezing sound. 
Treatment: The cause of Catarrh shows the neces- 
sity of clean and comfortable quarters for the fowls. 
Keep the birds strong and vigorous by feeding clean, 
nourishing food. 



DISEASES OF POULTRY 227 

Medical Treatment : To each fowl administer in 
their drinking water or feed: Chlorate of Potash, one 
grain, twice daily. 

CHICKEN POX 

(Sore Head — Warts) 
. Cause : These diseases are due to low forms of para- 
sites or fungi and occur most frequently in wet weather 
especially if the coops are leaky and allow the rain to 
fall on the droppings, causing mold or fungi. Poor ven- 
tilation and lack of light also promotes the growth of 
fungi. 

Symptoms : The disease is usually confined to the head 
and affects principally young chickens, pigeons and tur- 
keys, but rarely ducks and geese. The infection appears 
in the form of yellowish warts or nodules about the nose, 
eyelids, comb, wattles, under the w T ings, or any unfeath- 
ered place. The warts vary in size from that of a pin 
head to the size of a pea and they discharge a fluid which 
at first is thin and watery but as the disease progresses, 
it becomes thick and sticky, yellow in color and fetid in 
smell. At this stage the appetite is«poor, the feathers 
appear rough, and where the eyelids are affected, as in 
most cases, the bird cannot see, fails to eat, becomes ema- 
ciated, loses weight and strength rapidly and if not prop- 
erly treated, dies. 

Treatment: This disease is very contagious, there- 
fore the coops and runs should be disinfected with Crude 
Carbolic Acid, undiluted. In the drinking water add 
Hyposulphite of Soda in the proportion of one to two 
grains to each fowl (one-half grain to chicks). Wash 
the nodules or warts about the head with Carbolic Acid 
solution, one teaspoonful to a quart of water. Feed 
easily digested food, such as vegetables or warm bran 
mashes. 



228 THE VETERINAEIAN 

CONGESTION OF THE LIVER 

Cause: Lack of exercise, overfeeding, tainted or 
moldy food, infection, or impure blood. 

Symptoms : Birds suffering from this disease seldom 
show signs of sickness and it is well to dissect the fowl 
after death to ascertain the exact cause. If death is 
caused by Congestion of the Liver, the organ will be 
greatly enlarged and easily torn. 

Treatment : If the fowls are fat and sluggish, com- 
pel them to exercise by driving them about. Also give 
fifteen to twenty grains of Epsom Salts to each affected 
fowl. Feed laxative foods that are easily digested, as 
vegetables and wheat bran mashes. They are cooling 
and relieve congestion. 



CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS 

(Pulmonary Congestion) 

Cause: Exposure; the bird chills, causing contrac- 
tion of the blood vessels near the surface of the body, 
thereby forcing a large quantity of blood to the internal 
organs ; the small IJood vessels in the lungs become dis- 
tended with blood and rupture. 

Symptoms : Rapid and difficult breathing ; the bird ap- 
pears stupid and sleepy and does not care to move about ; 
appetite poor, wings drooping, plumage ruffled, a thick 
mucus, colored with blood, escapes from the mouth, comb 
and wattles show a dark-red color from lack of oxygen 
in the blood. This disease is of very short duration, the 
bird dying within a few hours. It is very common among 
young chicks and turkeys that are permitted to run out 
in the early spring rains. 

Treatment : Medical treatment is of no value, as the 
disease progresses so rapidly that the bird dies shortly 
after the first symptoms appear. Sanitary surroundings, 
good light, pure air and exercise are essential. Do not 
allow the birds to stand out in the cold or rains, espe- 



DISEASES OF POULTRY 229 

cially during the molting season. Keep your poultry 
strong and vigorous by feeding clean, nourishing food 
and give them pure water to drink. 



CONSTIPATION 

(Intestinal Obstruction) 

Cause : Irritation of the membranes lining the intes- 
tines, caused by dry feed, glass or gravel; may also be 
due to parasitic worms. Obstruction may occur in any 
part of the intestines although the external opening is 
the part most frequently affected. 

Symptoms : Bird appears dull and stupid, walks with 
difficulty and attempts frequently to expel the obstructing 
material. The appetite is poor and the feathers rough. 
By examination and manipulation the obstruction may 
be located. Dried masses of excrement by adhering to 
the feathers sometimes block the outer opening of the 
intestines. 

Treatment: Remove the waste matter clinging to 
the feathers with warm water or by clipping the feathers 
off. If the Cloaca is obstructed, give injections of Sweet 
Oil or Olive Oil with a small bulb syringe. Also give one 
to two grains of Calomel and feed clean food and soft 
mashes containing Pulv. Gentian Root, one grain to each 
fowl twice daily. This stimulates the worm-like move- 
ment of the bowels and assists in expelling their con- 
tents. 

CROP IMPACTION 
(Obstruction, Paralysis, Inflammation, Catarrh) 

Cause: Errors in feeding; birds that are not fed 
regularly are predisposed to any of the above conditions ; 
may also be due to swallowing large pieces of bone, 
thread, nails, pins, glass, gravel, etc. 

Symptoms: Loss of appetite, frequent attempts to 
swallow, crop greatly distended and hard on pressure; 
eventually the food decomposes and a liquid may escape 



230 



THE VETERINARIAN 



from the mouth and nose. The bird appears dull, 
stupid and sleepy, comb pale, feathers rough, beak open, 
owing to pressure on the windpipe. If caused by swal- 
lowing sharp objects, they may penetrate the crop and 
skin, causing a gangrenous condition. Grain in the crop 
will sometimes send out sprouts of considerable lengths. 




Prize Winning Plymouth Bock Cock. 



Tkeatment : If no sharp objects are present, give two 
teaspoonfuls of Sweet or Olive Oil. This will lubricate 
the esophagus and crop. Manipulate the crop upward, 
forcing the food gently through the mouth, adding oil 
occasionally. If, however, sharp objects penetrate the 
crop it is best to remove them through an artificial open- 



DISEASES OF POULTRY 231 

ing. Clip the feathers from around the intended seat of 
operation and wash the clipped surface with a Carbolic 
Solution, one teaspoonful to a pint of water. The inci- 
sion should not be over one-half inch long and should be 
made as high as possible and in the center of the crop. 
After removing the contents, sew up with ordinary thread 
and needle and wash occasionally with the above anti- 
septic solution. The operation is not difficult and will 
be successful if the parts are not too badly inflamed. 

After-treatment consists of feeding very little food un- 
til the crop is fairly well healed. Feed soft bran mashes 
and vegetables. To the drinking water add Boracic 
Acid, one grain, twice daily. It relieves the catarrhal 
condition that is present, such as irritations of the crop 
and intestines. 

DIARRHOEA 

(Gastro-Intestinal Catarrh — Enteritis) 

Cause: Inflammation of the digestive organs can be 
traced in every instance to the quality or quantity of food 
and water consumed. The food or water may contain 
parasites, or large quantities of mustard, pepper, or may 
be moldy or tainted. 

Symptoms: Loss of appetite, the feathers appear 
rough, the crop is sometimes paralyzed and distended 
with gas, the bird moves slowly, the droppings vary in 
color from a white to a yellow or a green and finally be- 
comes tinged with blood ; at this stage there is a rise in 
temperature accompanied by great thirst and signs of 
pain. Mild cases of simple diarrhoea if not properly 
treated when first symptoms appear, will develop the 
same severe conditions described above. 

Treatment : Determine the cause and remove it if 
possible. See that the food is clean and nutritious, the 
coops well ventilated, the runs well lighted. Sunlight 
is very beneficial. Avoid exposure, drafts and dampness. 
Place oatmeal in their drinking water, also give two 



232 THE VETEEINARIAN 

grains of Bismuth mixed with dough and make into a 
small pill. Give one every six hours. 

When in addition to the above symptoms a bloody dis- 
charge is present, give six drops of Tincture of Catechu 
every four hours. Warm mashes made of bran or oat- 
meal are very nourishing and soothing to the intestinal 
canal. , 

DIPHTHERITIC ROUP 

(Diphtheria) 

Cause: Due to a specific germ. The disease is very 
contagious and is communicated by direct contact. Great 
care should be exercised, therefore, when showing or 
buying birds. Any new birds to be added to the flock 
should be kept in separate pens for a week or two to 
make sure they are in good condition. 

Symptoms: The first symptoms are similar to those 
of catarrh or cold. A clear, watery liquid escapes from 
the eyes and nostrils, the head is drawn in toward the 
body, the feathers appear rough, the breathing fast, the 
temperature rises from three to five degrees above nor- 
mal. The bird walks about as if blind, sneezing, swal- 
lowing with difficulty, and showing signs of great weak- 
ness. If the mouth is opened small white spots or ele- 
vations will be seen on the back of the tongue. There 
may be diarrhoea of a green or yellow color. As the dis- 
ease progresses the discharge from the nose and eyes 
becomes thick and stringy, obstructing the air passages 
and gathering in large quantities between the eyelids. 
The mouth, throat and tongue are very much inflamed 
and swollen and in most cases it is impossible for the 
bird to make a sound. Recovery is doubtful after the 
disease has reached this stage. 

Treatment : Isolate the affected birds in some clean, 
warm, light, well ventilated quarters, excluding drafts. 
Dissolve thirty grains of Chlorate of Potash in one ounce 
of water and one ounce of Glycerine, and to the average 



DISEASES OF POULTRY 233 

sized fowl give one teaspoonful three or four times a day. 
To chicks give one-fourth the dose. When the scum 
loosens in the back part of the tongue, remove the scum 
gently. Care should be taken so as to prevent bleeding. 
Feed soft, nourishing food. 



DOUBLE-YOLK EGGS 

^ Eggs are frequently found with two yolks. This con- 
dition is produced by two ovary capsules bursting at 
about the same time and gaining entrance together into 
the oviduct where they are concealed in the same shell. 
Double-yolked eggs are larger than normal and may in- 
jure the oviduct when expelled. When hatched, they 
produce twins or abnormal chicks. 

DROPSY 

(Ascites) 

Cause : Generally due to irritating, indigestible food, 
causing inflammation of the membranous lining of the 
intestinal cavity. 

Symptoms : The abdomen becomes enlarged, is tender 
to the touch and contains a watery fluid, the movement 
of which can be heard in most cases by pressure on the 
swollen parts. The bird appears stupid, the comb pale 
and the appetite poor. 

Tbeatment : Unless the bird is very valuable, treat- 
ment is not advisable. In case the bird is valuable, give 
one grain of Potassium Iodide twice daily in the feed or 
drinking water. Also feed nourishing food as beef- 
scraps, vegetables, wheat bran mashes, etc. 

EGG BOUND 

(Difficult Laying; Obstruction of the Oviduct) 
Cause : Due to the eggs being too large, the bird too 
fat, or to the absence of the secretions lubricating the 
oviduct. 



234 THE VETERINARIAN 

Symptoms : The first signs are scarcely noticeable but 
soon the feathers appear rough, the bird becomes dull 
and moves slowly, making frequent efforts to expel the 
egg. 

Treatment : Remove the egg by injecting Sweet Oil, 
assisting the bird with gentle pressure. In some cases 




Prize Winning White Leghorn Hen. 

it is well to puncture the egg and collapse the shell. If 
the bird is very fat, reduce by careful feeding. If the 
bird is of normal size, the trouble is probably due to the 
absence of lubricating secretions of the oviduct, in which 
case the following tonic should be given: Pulv. Ferri 
Sulphate, Pulv. Gentian Root, each one dram. Mix and 



DISEASES OF POULTRY 235 

make into thirty powders. Give one powder two or three 
times a day in their feed for a week or ten days. 



EGG EATING 

Cause : Is usually due to lack of shell-building mate- 
rial in the food ; in such case the shell of the egg is thin 
and easily broken and the fowl craving the lime contained 
in the egg shell, naturally contracts the habit. 

Treatment: Supply ground bone and oyster shells. 
Feed green food such as cabbage, kale, potatoes, carrots, 

etc. 

EGGS WITHOUT SHELLS 
(Soft-Shelled Eggs) 

Cause: Deficiency of shell material; or it is possible 
that fright sometimes causes premature expulsion of the 
eggs before the shell is formed. 

Treatment: Feed ground bone, oyster shells. They 
contain egg shell producing material. Perhaps the best 
results are obtained when mixed with wheat bran. Also 
feed vegetables such as cabbage, potatoes and carrots. 



FEATHER PULLING 

(Feather Eating) 

Cause : Irritation of the skin due to lice, mites or to 
lack of exercise and improper food. 

Treatment : Feed meat, ground bones and vegetables. 
Place the food where the fowl's are compelled to scratch 
and work to obtain it. Dust the fowls with Powdered 
Aloes. 

If due to lice, treat the same as recommended under 
the heading of Lice. 

GAPES 

(Verminous Tracheo Bronchitis) 
Cause: A red, parasitic worm, the male measuring 
about one-fifth of an inch and the female one-half an 
inch in length. Fowls become infected by eating worms 



236 THE VETERINAEIAN 

containing this parasite or its eggs, and by coming in 
contact with other birds suffering from the disease. 

Symptoms : The most noticeable symptom is frequent 
gaping; the Gapeworms attach themselves by their 
mouths to the walls of the windpipe where they suck the 
blood which nourishes them; they cause irritation and 
inflammation of the windpipe, bronchial tubes and lungs ; 
breathing is difficult and the bird loses strength rapidly; 
windpipe eventually becomes totally obstructed and the 
bird dies from suffocation and exhaustion. Young, weak 
chickens are more susceptible to this disease than strong 
ones. 

Treatment : Separate the sick birds from the healthy 
ones. Clean and disinfect the coops and runs. Burn all 
manure. Remove the worms from the windpipe by the 
use of a feather, from which the fan has been stripped, 
leaving only a small brush at the end. Dip the feather 
into Oil of Turpentine or Coal Oil, removing the surplus 
liquid by drawing the feather between the fingers. Now 
insert the feather into the windpipe of the bird and by 
turning gently you will dislodge the worms from their 
attachments. Repeat this treatment once a day for two 
or three days. Disinfect coops and runs with undiluted 
Crude Carbolic Acid. Feed good nutritious food as 
wheat bran mashes, etc. 



HEAD LICE 

Cause: Result of insanitary conditions and lack of 
care. Communicated by direct contact with infected 
birds, or by infected coops or brooders. 

Symptoms : The head soon becomes denuded of feath- 
ers, and also sore by being constantly scratched with 
the feet. If not properly treated the chicks weaken and 
die. 

Treatment: An ointment made of one part Sulphur 
and four parts Lard well mixed and applied two to three 



DISEASES OF POULTRY 237 

times will exterminate the lice. If the fowl is run down 
in condition, feed good nutritious food as wheat bran 
mashes. 

HOW TO FEED YOUNG POULTRY 

Withhold all food for at least eighteen hours; then 
feed stale bread moistened with boiled milk every three 
hours. When they are three or four days old, feed rolled 
oats, ground corn moistened with pure water, finely- 
chopped meat and boiled vegetables. Feed them often 
and you will be well repaid by their rapid growth, 
strength, and the low death rate. After they reach the 
age of one week or ten days, watch them closely and 
regulate their feed to their apparent needs. 



INCOMPLETE EGG 

(Abortion) 

Cause : Irritation of the oviduct ; improper secretion 
of albumen or internal egg-producing material. 

Treatment : Careful feeding will overcome this con- 
dition. Warm wheat bran mashes, ground bone, beef 
scraps, all tend to allay the irritations of the oviduct and 
stimulate the secretions of albumen. 



JAUNDICE 

Cause: Obstruction of the bile duct, due to rich, ni- 
trogenous food and insufficient exercise. 

Symptoms: Disease is not easily detected. The yel- 
low color of the wattles and comb is the first symptom ; 
the appetite is variable, the feathers appear rough and 
dry, the head is retracted, and the bird finally dies owing 
to the absorption of bile in the blood. 

Treatment: Change food. Feed upon a vegetable 
diet, also give one grain of Calomel, which is particularly 
useful in a case of sluggish liver in poultry. Also give 
one grain of Pulv. Gentian Root and one grain of Bi- 
carbonate of Soda, twice daily in feed. 



238 THE VETERINARIAN 

MANGE 

(Scabies of the Body) 

Cause : Due to a parasite that resembles the mite. 

Symptoms: When the affected bird is closely exam- 
ined large quantities of scales or scabs are found in the 
soft feathers. The appetite is poor ; the bird walks slowly 
about showing signs of uneasiness. If the disease is al- 
lowed to run its course, the bird grows weak and even- 
tually dies. The disease is easily transmitted from one 
bird to another and should be treated without delay. 

Treatment : Disinfect roost, coops and pens with un- 
diluted Crude Carbolic Acid. Apply to the irritations 
that present themselves on the body of the birds : Sul- 
phur Ointment twice a week and feed good nourishing 
food as wheat bran mashes and vegetables. 



PIP 

(Inflammation of the Mouth) 
Cause: Irritations, injuries, or micro-organisms. It 
is sometimes caused by nothing more than a dry condi- 
tion of the mucous membrane due to the bird breathing 
through the mouth when suffering from respiratory dis- 
eases. 

Symptoms : Dryness of the mucous membrane of the 
mouth; especially the part covering the tongue, which 
becomes hard and ragged, forming rough edges along its 
sides. These dried portions become loose and partially 
detached from the tongue, interfering with its move- 
ments and causing more or less pain and annoyance. 

Treatment : Do not forcibly detach these pieces, but 
assist nature to remove them. This can be accomplished 
by mixing Glycerine and Water, equal parts, and drop- 
ping into the mouth with an ordinary syringe or dropper. 
It is advisable to add Boracic Acid, one teaspoonful to 
every gallon of drinking water, which will prevent the 
entrance of parasites into the blood. 



DISEASES OF POULTRY 239 

RED MITE 

Cause: These grow spontaneously in favorable sur- 
roundings, as the interior of poultry houses and brooders 
containing numerous cracks and crevices. 

Symptoms : This mite is a blood-sucker ; irritates the 
skin and sometimes causes sores to form on the body of 
the chick. The birds grow stupid and weak and die rap- 
idly if not properly treated. Older fowls withstand the 
irritation of mites much longer, but do not thrive, or lay 
regularly, and will finally die if the insects become too 
numerous. The insect may be transmitted to horses, 
cattle, and even to man. 

Treatment: Paint the roosts and spray the interior 
of the coops and runs with Crude Carbolic Acid, undi- 
luted, being very careful that the solution reaches the 
bottoms of the cracks and crevices. Also paint the in- 
terior of brooders with the same solution. 



RHEUMATISM 
(Leg Weakness — Gout — Paralysis) 

Cause : Damp coops and pens, lack of ventilation and 
improper food. 

Symptoms: Fowl refuses to stand or walk, and on 
examination, the legs are found to be swollen and pain- 
ful, especially about the joints. In some cases suppura- 
tion of the joints takes place and they become open run- 
ning sores. The bone finally becomes diseased and the 
fowl dies. 

Treatment : Preventive measures are first to be con- 
sidered. See that the coops and pens are clean and dry. 
Avoid drafts. Feed vegetables, also wheat bran mashes. 
Give internally Salicylic Acid, one-half grain, twice daily. 
When the legs are swollen and sore apply Camphorated 
Ointment once or twice daily. 



240 



Cause : 
of the leg. 



THE VETERINARIAN 

SCALY LEG 

(Scabies) 
Due to a mite that burrows under the scales 



Symptoms : White, scaly -looking scabs form about the 
upper part of the foot. The feet and legs become swol- 




Prize Winning Columbian Wyandotte Cock. 

len and painful as the disease progresses and if not 
checked will result in lameness, inflammation of the 
joints, and the toes may slough off. Great care is nec- 
essary as the disease is very easily transmitted from 
one bird to another. 

Teeatment: Use boiling water or Crude Carbolic 



DISEASES OF POULTRY 241 

Acid, undiluted, on the perches. Wash the feet and legs 
with warm water and soft soap. Dry well and apply 
Carbolated Ointment. Repeat the above treatment every 
other day for a week. , 

SORE MOUTH 

(Aphtha; Thrush) 

Cause : A vegetable parasite called Oidium Albicans. 

Symptoms: Inflammation of the mucous membrane 
lining the mouth, throat, gullet and crop, which finally 
terminates in white ulcerations. Other symptoms are 
swelling of the head, poor appetite and a rapid loss in 
weight and strength. 

Treatment : Isolate the sick from the healthy fowls. 
Give as much sunlight as possible, feed nourishing food, 
such as warm oatmeal mashes, kale, potatoes, etc. Add 
one grain each of Chlorate of Potash and Boracic Acid 
to a tablespoonful of water and give three or four times 
a day or of tener if they will drink it. A good disinfectant 
must be used to prevent the disease from spreading and 
I would recommend the use of undiluted Crude Carbolic 
Acid about the coops and poultry runs. 



TUBERCULOSIS 

Cause: This dreaded disease is caused by the Bacil- 
lus of Tuberculosis. Damp, ill-ventilated, and poorly- 
lighted coops are favorable to the development of the 
disease. 

Symptoms: Except in advanced stages, this disease 
is not easily detected as it affects various organs, and 
considerable experience in post-mortems and a skillful 
use of the microscope is required to successfully diagnose 
a case. 

Treatment: Preventive measures should be prac- 
ticed as the disease is incurable. Do not expose the 
fowls to cold wet weather. See that the coops are well 
ventilated and lighted and feed no contaminated food. 

16 



242 THE VETERINARIAN 

VENT GLEET 

Cause: Constipation is perhaps the most common 
cause, the hard droppings causing irritation of the vent 
which is followed by inflammation and suppuration of 
the lining membranes, rectum and oviduct. 

Symptoms : Frequent straining due to irritation. ■ As 
the disease progresses a pus-like discharge is noticed. 
The disease may extend into the rectum or oviduct. The 
bird appears stupid, the plumage rough, the comb pale, 
and if not properly treated, dies a lingering death. 

Treatment: Preventive treatment is the best. Feed 
green food occasionally and warm bran mashes. This 
prevents constipation. When the bird strains frequently 
and a discharge is present the following solution should 
be injected : Sugar of Lead, two drams ; Zinc Sulphate, 
one dram. Mix with two quarts of water. Inject about 
one ounce with a syringe twice daily until the discharge 
has ceased. 

WHITE DIARRHOEA 

(Fowl Cholera) 

Cause: Germ (Bacilli of Fowl Cholera) gaining en- 
trance to the body through the bowels, lungs or wounds 
of the skin. Death results from toxic material pro- 
duced while the germs are multiplying. 

Symptoms: All poultry, cage or wild birds are sub- 
ject to this disease. The first symptoms are loss of ap- 
petite ; diarrhoea is present and the discharge is almost 
white in color and tinged with transparent mucus. The 
affected bird becomes separated from the flock, seems 
weak and stupid and appears to be asleep; feathers are 
rough, the wings droop and the head is drawn in toward 
the body; crop is generally full, owing to improper di- 
gestion. The comb is pale and bloodless, the tempera- 
ture raised from three to five degrees above normal and 
the bird loses weight rapidly; it may die with convul- 
sions and cries, or without a sound or struggle. 



DISEASES OF POULTRY 243 

Treatment: To grown fowls, give Zinc Sulphocar- 
bolates in one-half grain doses three times a day in their 
food or drinking water. To chicks, dissolve thirty grains 
of Zinc Sulphocarbolates in two quarts of water. Satu- 
rate feed, as stale bread, etc., and give three times a day. 
Zinc Sulphocarbolates is an antiseptic especially pre- 
pared for septic conditions of the intestines, and very 
useful in treatment of White Diarrhoea and Fowl Chol- 
era. In severe cases of diarrhoea, give Bismuth Salicy- 
late, one grain, three times daily in feed or make into a 
pill with dough. When the fowls will eat, feed them 
clean, nitrogenous food that they can digest easily, as 
oatmeal mashes. It is also necessary to give them pure 
water to drink at all times. Disinfection of the premises 
is another essential factor in the treatment of this dis- 
ease, and undiluted Crude Carbolic Acid is a disinfectant 
that we can rely upon at all times. 

I cannot recommend vaccination as the serum is very 
difficult and expensive to produce and different breeds 
of birds require varying doses, therefore, vaccinating 
poultry for White Diarrhoea or Fowl Cholera is not at- 
tended with any great degree of success. 



WORMS 

Cause : Few fowls are entirely free from worms. The 
soil over which the chicks are permitted to run may be 
infected, or the food may contain the eggs or embryos 
of worms. 

Symptoms: The presence of worms in fowls may not 
be at once detected, since only a close observer would 
notice them in the droppings. If the birds eat well but 
remain poor, and the feathers appear rough and the 
comb and wattles pale, there is reason to suspect the 
existence of worms. 

Treatment : Preventive treatment is the best. Sprin- 
kle the runs and coops regularly with Crude Carbolic 



244 THE VETERINARIAN 

Acid, undiluted. Give two drops of Turpentine in twice 
this quantity of Sweet or Olive Oil. This dose should be 
repeated in from six to eight days so as to insure the 
expulsion of the newly hatched worms or those that may 
have survived the first treatment. 



i" ■ 



MISCELLANEOUS 



iiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniii mimm iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 

Some valuable facts and 

figures summed up for 

handy reference 



Hiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii muni mill 



VALUABLE DRUGS AND THEIR DOSES FOR 
DOMESTIC ANIMALS 

In the list of doses, oz. stands for ounce, pt. for pint, 
lb. for pound, gr. for grain, dr. for dram, dp. for drop. 



Name of Drug 



Alcohol 

Alum 

Ammonia Aromatic 

Aniseed 

Arnica Tincture 

Asafetida Tincture 

Boracic Acid 

Brandy 

Calcium Phosphate. 

Calomel 

Camphor Spirit 

Carbolic Acid 

Castor Oil 

Chalk 

Charcoal 

Codliver Oil 

Copperas 

Copper Sulphate. ...... 

Digitalis 

Epsom Salts 

Fowler 's Solution 

Gentian 

Ginger 

Glauber Salts 

Iodide of Potash 

Iron Sulphate 

Jamaica Ginger 

Laudanum 

Lead Acetate 

Lime Water 

Linseed Oil 

Mustard 

Nitre 

Nux Vomica 

Olive Oil 

Pepper 

Peppermint Oil 

Potassium Bromide. . . 

Quinine 

Rhubarb 

Saltpeter 

Soda 

Subnitrate of Bismuth 

Sulphur 

Turpentine 



Cattle 



4 oz. 
3-4 dr. 

2 oz. 
1-5 oz. 

1 oz. 

3 oz. 

3 dr. 

4 oz. 
1 oz. 

1-2 dr. 
1 oz. 
1-2 dr. 

1 pt. 

2 oz. 
1-2 oz. 
3-8 oz. 

2 dr. 

2-4 dr. 

10-30 gr. 

1 lb. 

5 dr. 
5-8 dr. 
5-8 dr. 

1-1.5 lb 
1-2 dr. 

2 dr. 
2 oz. 

2-5 oz. 

1 dr. 

4-6 oz. 

1-2 pt. 

1 oz. 
3-8 oz. 

2 dr. 
1-2 pt. 
2-4 dr. 
30 dp. 

2 oz. 
1-2 dr. 
1-2 oz. 
1-3 dr. 

2 oz. 

2 dr. 
3-4 oz. 

2 oz. 



Sheep 


Horses 


Hogs 


1-2 oz. 


2-4 oz. 


1-2 oz. 


40 gr. 


2-4 dr. 


40 gr. 


1-2 dr. 


1-2 oz. 


1-2 dr. 


1-2 dr. 


1 oz. 


1 dr. 


2 dr. 


.5-1 oz. 


1 dr. 


.5 oz. 


2 oz. 


2 dr. 


20 gr. 


1-3 dr. 


15 gr. 


1-2 oz. 


2-4 oz. 


1-2 oz. 


1-2 dr. 


2-4 dr. 


1-2 dr. 


5-20 gr. 


1 dr. 


5-20 gr. 


2 dr. 


2-4 dr. 


15 dp. 


10-20 dp. 


.5-2 dr. 


5-15 dp. 


2-4 oz. 


1 pt. 


2-4 oz. 


1-2 dr. 


.5-2 oz. 


1 dr. 


2-4 dr. 


1-2 oz. 


2-4 dr. 


3-8 dr. 


2-6 oz. 


2-6 dr. 


20 gr. 


1 dr. 


10 gr. 


20-30 gr. 


2-4 dr. 


20-30 gr. 


5-15 gr. 


10-50 gr. 


3-10 gr. 


1-4 oz. 


.5-1 lb. 


1 oz. 


5-20 dp. 


2-4 dr. 


5-20 dp. 


1-2 dr. 


4-8 dr. 


1-2 dr. 


1-2 dr. 


2-8 dr. 


15-60 gr. 


1-4 dr. 


.5-1 lb. 


1 oz. 


10-25 gr. 


.5-2 dr. 


5-20 gr. 


25 gr. 


1-2 dr. 


25 gr. 


.5 oz. 


1 oz. 


.5-1 dr. 


1-4 dr. 


1-4 oz. 


1-2 dr. 


25 gr. 


1 dr. 


20 gr. 


2 oz. 


4-6 oz. 


2 oz. 


6-12 oz. 


.5-1 pt. 


5-10 oz. 


1-2 dr. 


.5-1 oz. 


1-2 dr. 


1 dr. 


1-2 oz. 


1 dr. 


30-40 gr. 


1-2 dr. 


10-20 gr. 


3-8 dr. 


1-2 pt. 


2-6 dr. 


15-25 gr. 


1-3 dr. 


10-20 gr. 


5-8 dp. 


15-30 dp. 


3-7 dp. 


2-4 dr. 


1-2 oz. 


2-4 dr. 


5-10 gr. 


50-60 gr. 


5-10 gr. 


1 dr. 


1-2 oz. 


1 dr. 


.5-1 dr. 


2-4 dr. 


.5-1 dr. 


2-4 dr. 


1-1.5 oz. 


1-3 dr. 


10-30 gr. 


1-2 dr. 


5-20 gr. 


1-2 oz. 


2-4 oz. 


1-2 oz. 


1-4 dr. 


1-2 oz. 


1 dr. 



Dogs 



1-4 dr. 

15 gr. 

20-60 dp. 

15 gr. 
7-20 dp. 
1 dr. 
8 gr. 
1-2 dr. 
5-20 gr. 

1 gr. 
10 dp. 
3-8 dp. 
1-2 dr. 

.5-1 dr. 

20-60 gr. 

1-3 dr. 

4 gr. 

1-2 gr. 

2 gr. 
1-4 dr. 
1-5 dp. 
40 gr. 

5-20 gr. 

1-4 dr. 

2-8 gr. 

4 gr. 

V4-V2 dr. 

20 dp. 

1-2 gr. 

1-8 dr. 
1 oz. 

20 gr. 
5-20 gr. 

1-2 gr. 

2-4 oz. 
4-10 gr. 

1-5 dp. 
5-50 gr. 

1-2 gr. 
5-10 gr. 
2-10 gr. 
20-50 gr. 
3-10 gr. 

1-4 dr. 
20-50 dp. 



»46 



CHAPTER VI 



RESPIRATION 
The number of respirations per minute varies with the 
different classes of animals; as a rule, the larger the 
animal, the slower the respiration. 

The Horse 8 to 10 

Cattle 12 to 15 

Sheep and Goats 12 to 20 

The Dog 15 to 20 

Swine 10 to 15 

The rate of breathing is increased from the processes 
of digestion immediately after eating, or may increase 
from exercise. 

NORMAL TEMPERATURE OF THE HORSE 

From 2 to 5 years old the temperature is 100.6° Fahr. 
From 5 to 10 years old the temperature is 100.4° Fahr. 
From 10 to 15 years old the temperature is 100° Fahr. 
From 15 to 20 years old the temperature is 98.4° to 

100.2° Fahr. 
Sex appears to slightly influence temperature : 

Stallion 100° Fahr. 

Mare 100.8° Fahr. 

Gelding 100.4° Fahr. 

The time of day when temperature is taken is impor- 
tant, the lowest body temperature being at 4 a. m., and 
the highest at 6 p. m. New born foals ' temperature will 
run from 102° to 104° Fahr. 



TEMPERATURE OF CATTLE 

Normal temperature is from 101.8° to 102° Fahr. 
Compared with the horse, the daily variations are small. 



TEMPERATURE OF SHEEP AND GOATS 

In these animals the greatest variation in temperature 
occurs, viz. : 100.9° to 105.8° Fahr. In the majority of 

247 



248 THE VETERINARIAN 

cases the temperature probably will be between 103.6° 
and 104.4° Fahr. The cause of this variation is unknown. 



TEMPERATURE OF SWINE 
The average temperature is 103.3° Fahr., varying from 
100.9° to 105.4° Fahr. 



TEMPERATURE OF THE DOG 

The dog is subject to important variations depending 
on the external temperature; it varies from 99.5° to 
101.7° Fahr., although in some localities it is as high as 
100.9°, 101.3° and 101.7° Fahr. Feeding will increase 
the temperature, and it is also higher toward evening. 



PULSE THROBS PER MINUTE 

Per Minute 

The Horse 36 to 40 

Cattle 45 to 50 

Sheep and Goats 70 to 80 

The Dog 70 to 80 

Swine '. .90 to 100 

The pulse in the young is much more rapid than in 
the adult animal; that of a foal at birth beats 100 to 
102 per minute, while that of a calf will go to 130 per 
minute. In old age the pulsation becomes reduced and 
the arteries much weaker. The pulse rate in large 
animals is less than in smaller ones, as for instance, an 
elephant's pulse rate is from 25 to 28 beats per minute. 
The more rapid the pulse, the greater the quantity of 
blood in circulation. 



AVERAGE PERIODS OF GESTATION OF 
DOMESTIC ANIMALS 

Mare 11 months 

Ass 12 months 

Cow 9 months 

Sheep 5 months 



Goat .... 


5 months 


Sow 


3 V> months 


Bitch .... 


9 weeks 


Cat 


8 weeks 



MISCELLANEOUS 249 

AVERAGE PERIOD OF INCUBATION 

Chicken 20 to 22 days Guinea Fowl 28 days 

Geese 28 to 34 days Pheasant 25 days 

Duck 28 to 30 days Ostrich 40 to 42 days 

Turkey 27 to 29 days Canary Bird 14 days 

Pigeon 18 days 



VETERINARY FACTS AND ADVICE 
TO REMEMBER 

1. Cleanliness of body and surroundings is a necessity 

in the treatment of animals. 

2. Pure air, avoiding drafts, is equally essential. 

3. Light, excepting in the treatment of eye diseases, is 

greatly to be desired. Darkness, while soothing 
to the eye, tends to prolong germ life and disease. 

4. Keep dry — dampness breeds disease. 

5. Keep warm — in chilly weather, blanket the sick 

animal, hand rub limbs and bandage with woolen 
cloths. 

6. Exercise with care — excessive and insufficient exer- 

cise are both injurious. 

7. Feed with care — green grass, in medium quantity, 

and vegetables are cooling to the blood, easily 
digested and exert a slight laxative effect. Grain 
feed is nutritious and strengthening, but it is not 
required in any quantity by a horse not working. 
Be sure that all feed is fresh and clean. 

8. Drinking water must be pure — impure water carries 

many disease germs. Also avoid giving water in 
large quantities, especially if water is very cold. 

9. Disinfection involves little time or expense, but is 

invaluable. Coal tar products which emulsify in 
water (1 part coal tar products to 50-75 parts 
water) should be freely and occasionally sprinkled 
about yards and buildings. 
If only these few fundamental and common-sense prin- 



250 THE VETERINARIAN 

ciples were followed by stock raisers, a very large per- 
centage of the ills and diseases of domestic animals would 
be lastingly prevented. 



DRENCHING 

Do not drench, an animal when you can administer the 
necessary medicine in any other way. Drench only when 
absolutely necessary. A horse, in contrast with all other 
domestic animals, cannot breathe through its mouth. 
Therefore, in treating horses, drenching is especially 
dangerous. While drenching any animal, strangulation, 
pneumonia, bronchitis, etc., are liable to be caused by 
some of the drenching liquid escaping from the mouth 
into the lungs. This is a frequent occurrence in which 
the drenching proves to be the immediate cause of the 
animal's death, as in case of strangulation, or the origi- 
nating cause when drenched animals later succumb to 
pneumonia, bronchitis, etc. 



MEDICINE IN CAPSULES 

In many of the treatments prescribed in the preceding 
pages, the use of gelatine capsules has been advised in 
preference to giving the medicine in any other form. 

Capsules, made of gelatine, do not lie in the animal's 
stomach, as commonly supposed, but dissolve readily; 
the gelatine itself being beneficial in many cases, espe- 
cially if the bowels or stomach be irritated. The animal 
receives the intended dose fully. It avoids any un- 
pleasant taste. With capsule gun, or by hand, medicine 
in capsules is more easily and quickly given than to at- 
tempt to hold animal's head up, as is necessary when 
administering liquid drenches, the danger of which has 

been explained. 

PREVENTION OF CONTAGIOUS DISEASES 

Newly purchased animals or poultry should be segre- 
gated for from ten days to two weeks to give opportunity 



MISCELLANEOUS 251 

for any infectious diseases with which they may be 
afflicted, or have been exposed to, to fully develop. • This 
precaution will often save the buyer from loss. 

Avoid exhibiting in fairs, shows, etc., where the health 
of your animals might be jeopardized, especially through 
the presence of contagiously affected animals. If you 
cannot be sure proper precautions are to be taken, 
better forego your pride and possible prize ribbons. 



HEREDITARY TENDENCIES 

When breeding, it is of utmost importance to select a 
good female as well as male, for the least faulty con- 
formation in either will in all probability be transferred 
to the offspring, viz. : an animal with a crooked hind leg 
is subject to bone spavin, curbs, bog spavin, thoroughpin, 
ring bone, etc., and is liable to transmit any of these dis- 
eases, especially if exposed to slight exertion. A tuber- 
cular cow will invariably give birth to a tubercular calf, 
or at any rate the calf will contract tuberculosis from 
the milk. 

EVOLUTION OF STOCK 

During the transformation which our country has un- 
dergone, and is undergoing, no one industry has expe- 
rienced such marked changes as the production and 
raising of livestock. 

At the earliest time of which we have any record, and 
'even up to within comparatively recent years, large 
herds of horses and cattle ranged over our plains in a 
wild state. At first no attempts were made to capture 
or round up these herds, and later but one or two 
attempts per year, when the young were branded and 
grown animals shipped, if possible, or driven to avail- 
able markets. 

As the country became more thickly settled and popu- 
lated these larger herds were broken up, the ranges 



252 THE VETERINARIAN 

becoming divided and fenced. With this segregation, 
attention to breeding and care of animals began to be 
practiced, gradually causing the animal's evolution from 
the wild to the domesticated state. 

As this process of evolution progressed the animal 
became farther and farther removed from its natural 
condition of living, becoming more dependent on man for 
food and shelter, and with this change the animal's 
former vitality and power to resist disease decreased 
markedly. 

With the advancement of agriculture, and their re- 
sultant prosperity, the farmers and settlers improved 
their stock by importing blooded or registered males 
and females, particularly the former, until today our 
country is second to none in the number of good con- 
formated draft and speed horses ; beef and dairy cattle ; 
quick-maturing hogs; large wool and mutton-producing 
sheep, etc. Poultry has likewise been improved for both 
egg-laying and meat-producing qualities. The poultry 
industry is yet in its infancy, and offers large induce- 
ments to the practical raiser. Our importation of eggs 
is enormous. 

The average stock raiser and poultryman has just 
begun to realize the value of proper care and treatment 
of his stock, and how much unnecessary loss can be pre- 
vented by the expenditure of a little time and even less 
money if given at the proper time. 

Animals and poultry are subject, just as humans, to 
many diseases but, unfortunately, when they become ill 
are dependent on man to recognize the symptoms of 
disease and diagnose. Therefore, it behooves all owners 
of stock to know and practice the fundamental neces- 
sities of their animals' health, not only for the welfare 
of themselves^ but also as an act of humanity to dumb 
animals. 



INDEX 



DISEASES OF HORSES 



Page 

Abortion 11 

Abscess 11 

Acute cough 30 

Anemia 13 

Apthae 14 

Ascaris megalcephala 69 

Atrophy 81 

Azoturia 15 

Barrenness 16 

Bleeding after castration 17 

Blood poisoning 17 

Bog spavin 19 

Bone spavin 18 

Bots 20 

Bronchitis 21 

Capped elbow 70 

Capped hock 24 

Capped knee 23 

Cerebral meningitis 75 

Choking 25 

Chronic catarrh 54 

Chronic cough 30 

Coffin joint lameness 26 

Cold 30 

Colic, flatulent 83 

Colic, spasmodic 73 

Colic, wind 83 

Colt constipation 31 

Colt diarrhoea 32 

Conjunctivitis 38 

Constipation 29 

Constipation in colts 31 

Corns 27 

Cough 30 

Cracked heels 25 

Curb 33 

Dentistry 46 

Diarrhoea 33 

Diarrhoea in colts 32 

Dislocation of the patella 77 

Distemper 35 

Dropsy of belly 37 

Dropsy of legs 37 

Dropsy of sheath 37 

Dropsy of uddt r 37 

Eczema 37 

Emphysema of the lungs 45 

Epizootic catarrh 47 

Eye diseases 38 

Failure to breed 16 

Farcy 43 

Filariae 40 

Fistula of foot 66 

Fistulous withers 39 

Flatulent colic 83 

Forage poisoning 75 

Founder 41 

Galls 42 

Gastrophilis 20 

Clanders 43 

Grease heels 43 

Haemopis 48 

Heaves 45 

Hernia, inguinal 69 



Page 

Horse dentistry 46 

Inflammation of the brain 75 

Inflammation of the membrane of 

nictitans 38 

Influenza 47 

Inguinal hernia 69 

Lampas 47 

Laryngitis 79 

Leeches 48 

Lock jaw 49 

Lung fever 50 

Lymphangitis 52 

Mange 51 

Mondav Morning disease 52 

Mud fever 53 

Nasal catarrh 30 

Nasal gleet 54 

Navel rupture 59 

Navel string infection 55 

Navicular disease 26 

Nettle rash SO 

Open joint 60 

Oxyuris curvilis 63 

Palesade worm 61 

Petchial fever 64 

Pharyngitis 79 

Pink eye 47 

Pin worm 63 

Pleurisy 62 

Pneumonia 50 

Poll evil 64 

Purpura haemorrhagica 64 

Quittor 66 

Red worm 67 

Rbeumatism 67 

Ring bone 68 

Round worm 69 

Rupture, scrotal 69 

Scabies 51 

Scrotal rupture 69 

Septicaemia 17 

Shoe boil 70 

Side bones 74 

Sore throat 79 

Spasmodic colic 73 

Spavin, bog 19 

Spavin, bone 18 

Splints 70 

Staggers 75 

Stifle joint lameness 77 

String halt 78 

Strongulus armatus 61 

Strongulus tetracanthus 67 

Supernumerary teeth 85 

Surfeit 80 

Sweeny 81 

Tapeworm 82 

Teeth, supernumerary 85 

Teeth, wolf 85 

Tenia 82 

Tetanus 49 

Thoroughpin 82 

Thread-like worm 63 

Thrush 83 



253 



254 



INDEX 



Page 

Umbilical hernia 59 

Umbilical pyemia 55 

Urtecaria 80 

Wind colic 83 

"Wind galls 85 

Wolf teeth 85 

Worm, maw 63 

Worm, palesade 61 



Page 

Worm, pin 63 

Worm, red 67 

Worm, round 69 

Worm, tape 82 

Worm, thread 63 

Worm, thread-like 40 

Wounds 86 



DISEASES OF CATTLE 



Page 

Abdominal hernia 148 

Abdominal rupture 148 

Abnormal Calving 101 

Abortion, contagious 109 

Abortion, non-contagious 90 

Abscesses 89 

Absence of milk 151 

Actinomycosis 135 

Acute cough 112 

Afterbirth retention 144 

Amaurosis of the eye 91 

Anthrax 91 

Apoplexy, parturient 140 

Ascities 116 

Bacterial dysentery 106 

Bag inflammation 127 

Barrenne ss 92 

Big head 135 

Black leg 93 

Black quarter 93 

Bleeding 94 

Bloating 94 

Blood poison 96 

Blood suckers 135 

Bloody flux 97 

Bloody flux in calves 100 

Bloody milk 98 

Blue milk 99 

Brain congestion 142 

Bronchitis 99 

Bronchitis verminous 155 

Calf cholera 100 

Calf scours 100 

Calving 101 

Casting the withers 102 

Cataract of the eye 104 

Catarrh 104 

Chapped teats 105 

Choking 105 

Chronic cough 112 

Chronic dysentery 106 

Colic 107 

Congestion of the brain 142 

Congestion of the lungs 107 

Congestion of the spinal cord.... 142 

Congestion of the udder 125 

Conjunctivitis 129 

Contagious abortion 109 

Cough 112 

Cow pox 112 

Cud chewing 113 

Dehorning 115 

Diarrhoea 114 

Dropsy 116 

Dysentery 97 

Eczema 117 

Epizootica eczema 120 

Ergot poisoning 118 

Ergotism 118 

Eversion of the womb 102 

Eye inflammation 129 

Eyelid laceration 134 

Failure to breed 92 

Fluke, liver 119 

Fluke, lung 119 



Page 

Foot and mouth disease 120 

Foot rot 123 

Foul in foot 123 

Founder 124 

Garget 125 

Grub 156 

Hard milkers 126 

Hematuria 143 

Hemmorrhage 94 

Hernia, abdominal 148 

Hollow horn 126 

Indigestion 127 

Infectious abortion 109 

Infectious aphtha 120 

Inflammation of the bag 127 

Inflammation of the eye 129 

Inflammation of the heart sack.. 130 
Inflammation of the kidneys .... 131 

Inflammation of the penis 131 

Inflammation of the womb 131 

Joint ill 133 

Jones disease 106 

Kidney inflammation 131 

Laceration of the eyelid 134 

Laminitis 124 

Laryngitis 149 

Leeches 135 

Leucorrhea 158 

Liver fluke 119 

Loss of cud 139 

Lumpy jaw 135 

Lung congestion 107 

Lung fever 138 

Lung fluke 119 

Mammitis, simple 127 

Mange 139 

Measlev beef 140 

Milk fever 140 

Navel ill 133 

Non-contagious abortion 90 

Obstruction of the esophagus 105 

Paralysis 142 

Parturient apoplexy 140 

Penis inflammation 131 

Pancarditis 130 

Pharyngitis 149 

Physiology of rumination 113 

Pneumonia 138 

Pvemia 96 

Red water 143 

Retained afterbirth 144 

Rheumatism 145 

Ring worm 147 

Round worm 147 

Rupture, abdominal 148 

Scabies 139 

Scum over the eye 149 

Septicaemia 96 

Sore throat . . 149 

Spinal cord congestion 142 

Stringy milk 150 

Suppression of milk 151 

Tape worm 151 

Teats chapped 105 

Texas fever 152 



INDEX 



255 



Page 

Ticks 152 

Tuberculosis 153 

Twisted stomach worm 154 

Udder congestion 125 

Umbilical Pyemia 133 

Umbilical Septicemia 133 

Variola 112 

Verminous bronchitis 155 

Warts 157 

Warbles 156 



Page 

Whites 158 

White Scours in calves 100 

Wolf in the tail 158 

Womb inflammation 131 

Wooden tongue 135 

Worm, lung 155 

Worm, round 147 

Worm, stomach 154 

Worm, tape 151 



DISEASES OF SWINE 



Page 
Abortion 164 

Administration of medicine 164 

Bag inflammation 165 

Black tooth 165 

Blood poisoning 166 

Bronchitis 167 

Castration 167 

Catarrh 168 

Choking 168 

Cholera, hog 171 

Cold in the head 168 

Congestion, kidney 173 

Diarrhoea in young pigs 169 

Heat stroke 189 

Hind quarter paralysis 180 

Hog, administration of medicine. 164 

Hog cholera 171 

Hog lice 175 

Hog regulator and tonic 163 

Indigestion 172 

Inflammation, bag 165 

Inflammation, lung 176 

Inguinal rupture 1S6 

Jaundice 173 

Kidney congestion 173 

Kidney worms 174 

Lice on hogs 175 

Lung fever 176 

Lung inflammation 176 

Lung worm 176 

Mange 177 

Nasal catarrh 168 

Navel rupture 17S 

Nettle rash 179 



Page 
Paralysis of the hind quarters... 180 

Pig diarrhoea 169 

Pig scours 169 

Piles 181 

Pin worm 182 

Pleurisy 183 

Prolapse of the anus 181 

Pyemia 166 

Regulator and tonic 163 

Rheumatism 183 

Rickets 184 

Round worm 185 

Rupture, inguinal 186 

Rupture, navel 178 

Rupture, scrotal 186 

Rupture, umbilical 178 

Septicemia 166 

Scours in pigs 169 

Scrotal rupture 186 

Sore feet 187 

Sore mouth 188 

Sows eating their young 189 

Sun stroke 189 

Thorn headed worm 190 

Thumps 191 

Tonic and regulator 163 

Urticaria 179 

Worm, kidney 174 

Worm, lung 176 

Worm, pin 182 

Worm, round 185 

Worm, thorn headed 190 

TTorm, whip 191 

Yellows 173 



DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 



Page 

Abortion 195 

Acute indigestion 205 

Acute typanitis 205 

Apoplexy, pulmonary 211 

Black scours 196 

Bloating 205 

Bronchitis 213 

Catarrh 197 

Cold in the head 197 

Congestion of the liver 209 

Congestion of the lung 211 

Congestion of the udder 201 

Diarrhoea 198 

Dysentery 198 

Dyspepsia 206 

Foot rot 199 

Forage poisoning 200 

Foul in foot 199 

Garget 201 

Gastritis, verminous 196 

Gid 203 



Page 

.. 204 

. . 204 

. . 204 

.. 205 

.. 206 

. . 205 

.. 209 



Grub in the head 

Head grubs 

Head maggot 

Hoven 

Indigestion 

Indigestion, acute 

Inflammation of the liver 

Inflammation of the udder 201 

Jaundice 209 

Lamb disease 213 

Liver congestion 209 

Liver fluke 210 

Liver inflammation 209 

Louse fly 216 

Lung congestion 211 

Lung fever 211 

Lung worm 213 

Mange 215 

Pneumonia 211 

Poisoning, forage 200 

Pulmonary apoplexy 211 



256 



INDEX 



Page 

Scab 215 

Scours, black 19:5 

Strongylosis 196 

Sturdy 203 

Tick 216 

Typanitis, acute 205 



Page 

Udder, congestion of 201 

Udder, inflammation of 201 

Verminous bronchitis 213 

Verminous gastritis 196 

Worm, lung 213 



DISEASES OF POULTRY 



Page 

Abortion 237 

Abscesses of the feet 225 

Air sac mite 221 

Apoplexy of the brain 222 

Aptha 241 

Ascites 233 

Baldness 222 

Beak and throat obstruction 223 

Black head 223 

Body lice 224 

Body scabies 238 

Brain apoplexy 222 

Bronchitis 224 

Bronchitis verminous 235 

Bruises of the feet 225 

Bumblefoot 225 

Catarrh 225 

Catarrh of the crop 229 

Chicken pox 227 

Cholera of the fowl 242 

Congestion of the liver 223 

Constipation 229 

Corns 225 

Crop impaction 22:) 

Diarrhoea 231 

Diarrhoea, white 212 

Difficult laying 233 

Diphtheria 232 

Diphtheritic roup 2 n 2 

Double yolked eggs 233 

Dropsv 233 

Egg bound 233 

Egg eating 235 

Egg incomplete 237 

Eggs with two yolks 233 

Eggs without shells 235 

Enteritis 231 

Favus 222 

Feather eating 235 

Feather pulling 235 

Feeding of young poultry 237 

Fowl cholera 242 

Gapes 215 

Gastro intestinal catarrh 231 

Gout 239 



Page 

Head lice 2 i6 

Hemorrhage of the brain 222 

How to feed young poultry 237 

Impaction of the crop 229 

Incomplete egg 237 

Infectious entero hepatitis of 

turkeys 223 

Inflammation of the crop 229 

Inflammation of the mouth 238 

Intestinal obstruction 229 

Jaundice 237 

Leg weakness 239 

Lice, bodv 224 

Lice, head 236 

Liver congestion 228 

Mange 238 

Mite, red 239 

Mouth inflammation 238 

Obstruction of the beak and 

throat 223 

Obstruction of the bile duct 228 

Obstruction of the crop 229 

Obstruction of the intestines .... 229 

Obstruction of the oviduct 233 

Paralvsis of the crop 229 

Paralysis of the legs 239 

Pip 2 53 

Pulmonary congestion 228 

Red mite 2:39 

Rheumatism 239 

Roup, diphtheritic 232 

Scabies of the bodv 238 

Scabies of the kgs 210 

Scaly leg 240 

Soft shelled egss 235 

Sore head 227 

Sore mouth 211 

Throat and beak obstruction 223 

Thrush 241 

Tuberculosis 241 

Vent gleet 242 

Verminous tracheo bronchitis.... 235 

Warts 227 

White diarrhoea 242 

Worms 243 



MISCELLANEOUS 

Page 

Average Period of Gestation 248 

Average Period of Incubation 249 

Deposit or Investment Table 218 

Drenching of Animals 250 

Evolution of Stock 251 

Hereditary Tendencies 251 

Medicine in Capsules 250 

Normal Pulse Throbs 248 

Normal Respiration > 247 

Normal Temperature 247-248 

Prevention of Contagious Diseases 250 

Six Per Cent Interest Table 160 

Table of Valuable Drugs and their Doses 246 

Veterinary Facts and Advice to Remember 249 



